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Speech Science > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

A moving object will continue moving in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an outside force.

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2
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

An object accelerates in the same direction as the force acting upon it. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

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3
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A

For every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction (force).

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4
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter contained within an object.

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5
Q

Momentum

A

The product of mass and velocity of an object. Therefore, the greater the speed and the heavier an object, the more difficult it is to bring the object to rest once it is moving.

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6
Q

Work

A

This is done whenever a force is exerted over a distance (or, equivalently, when something is displaced). The amount of work done is proportional to both the force and the distance, or displacement (W = F x d).

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7
Q

Power

A

The amount of work done divided by the time it takes to do it. Power is the energy expended divided by the time it takes to expend it.

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8
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion.

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9
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy held in an object that could be released when a force is applied to the object over a given distance.

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10
Q

Density

A

Depends upon the structure of the atoms from which the material is made and how closely together the atoms are packed (p = m/V).

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11
Q

Stiffness

A

The degree to which an object resists being deformed.

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12
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of an object to spring back to its resting shape when deforming forces are removed.

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13
Q

Pascal

A

Equal to 1 newton exerted over an area of 1 square meter.

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14
Q

Pressure

A

A force divided by the area over which the force is exerted (P = F/A).

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15
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

The change in the length of material is proportional to the force you apply to it; the harder you pull something, the more it stretches.

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16
Q

What does density depend on?

A

The arrangement of atoms.

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17
Q

Units of Density

A

g/cm^3

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18
Q

Density Formula

A

Mass/Volume

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19
Q

How do gas molecules interact?

A

Colliding with each other and the walls of the container.

20
Q

What are the 2 critical characteristics of liquid in speech?

A
  1. Molecules slide freely
  2. Surface Tension
21
Q

Can the total amount of energy change?

A

No - always a balance of kinetic and potential

22
Q

What is kinetic energy closely related to?

A

Momentum

23
Q

What is kinetic energy governed by?

A

Mass and speed; greater mass and greater speed = greater kinetic energy.

24
Q

Power Formula

A

Work/Time
Force x Velocity

25
Q

What is a Watt?

A

Expenditure of 1 joule of energy in 1 second

26
Q

Power Unit

A

Watt

27
Q

What is a Joule?

A

Force of 1 N through a distance of 1 meter.

28
Q

Work Unit

A

Joule (J)

29
Q

Work Formula

A

Force x distance/displacement

30
Q

Momentum Formula

A

Mass x velocity

31
Q

Force Formula

A

Mass x acceleration

32
Q

Inertia

A

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

33
Q

What is net force?

A

Unbalance force - if balance (push and pull are equal) no acceleration or deceleration will occur.

34
Q

Vector

A

Magnitude and direction (muscle activity).

35
Q

Deceleration

A

The change in velocity is negative.

36
Q

Uniform Motion

A

Constant Velocity.

37
Q

Acceleration

A

Change in velocity over time (positive).

38
Q

How is velocity used in speech?

A

Used in research (ex: velocity of lip movement).

39
Q

Velocity has the same numerical number as speed. How are they different?

A

Velocity contains information about direction.

40
Q

What is speech rate measured in?

A

Syllables per minute.

41
Q

Speed

A

Distance/Time

42
Q

How is force related to speech?

A

The movements of speech are achieved by the management of forces.

43
Q

How is force measured?

A

By its effect on an object.

44
Q

What is a Newton?

A

The force that accelerates a 1-kilogram mass at the rate of 1 meter per second.

45
Q

Unit of Force

A

Newton (N)

46
Q

Force

A

A push or a pull; a phenomenon that can produce change in an objects state of activity.

Speech Science (5 decks)

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