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MLS LEC > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

responsible for transporting throughout the body oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs

A

Circulatory System

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2
Q

delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells in the body

A

Circulatory System

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3
Q

transports carbon dioxide and other wastes to the organs of the body away from the cells

A

Circulatory System

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4
Q

2 Components of the Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System

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5
Q

system that is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood which helps in the circulation

A

Cardiovascular System

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6
Q

system made up of the lymph, lymph nodes, and vessels

A

Lymphatic System

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7
Q

hollow muscular organ

A

Heart

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8
Q

how many chambers does the heart have

A

4

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9
Q

What are the four chambers?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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10
Q

what do you call the thin, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

same size as that of a person’s clenched fist.

A

Heart

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12
Q

The heart is the same size as what?

A

Fist

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13
Q

thin, watery membrane on the outer layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

covers the heart and is attached to the pericardium

A

Epicardium

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15
Q

thick layer of cardiac muscles in the middle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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16
Q

pumps blood into the arteries by contracting

A

Myocardium

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17
Q

thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart

A

Endocardium

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18
Q

lines the valves and interior chambers

A

Endocardium

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19
Q

upper right chamber

A

Right Atrium

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20
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Right Atrium

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21
Q

lower right chamber

A

Right Ventricle

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22
Q

receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery

A

Right Ventricle

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23
Q

upper left chamber

A

Left Atrium

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24
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle

A

Left Atrium

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25
Q

lower left chamber

A

Left Ventricle

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26
Q

receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta

A

Left Ventricle

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27
Q

tricuspid valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Right AV Valve / Tricuspid Valve

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28
Q

closes as the right ventricle contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium

A

Right AV Valve / Tricuspid Valve

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29
Q

bicuspid or mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Left AV Valve / Bicuspid Valve

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30
Q

closes as the left ventricle contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium

A

Left AV Valve / Bicuspid Valve

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31
Q

pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery

A

Right semilunar valve / Pulmonary Valve

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32
Q

closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right ventricle

A

Right semilunar valve / Pulmonary Valve

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33
Q

aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta

A

Left semilunar valve / Aortic Valve

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34
Q

closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle

A

Left semilunar valve / Aortic Valve

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35
Q

partition that separates the right from the left atria

A

Interatrial Septum

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36
Q

separates the right and the left ventricles

A

Interventicular Septum

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37
Q

it receives blood supply through the left and right coronary arteries

A

Heart

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38
Q

The heart receives blood supply through the?

A

Coronary Arteries

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39
Q

They return the oxygen-depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart.

A

Coronary Veins

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40
Q

supplies the blood as well as provides drainage to the tissues.

A

Coronary Circulation

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41
Q

Poor circulation could lead to ____ which is caused by inadequate supply of oxygen

A

Ischemia

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42
Q

complete obstruction of the coronary artery.

A

Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attack

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43
Q

Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds

A

Cardiac Cycle

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44
Q

The contraction

A

Systole

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45
Q

The relaxation

A

Diastole

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46
Q

how many seconds does systole and diastole lasts?

A

0.08 seconds

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47
Q

Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

A

Electrical Conduction System

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48
Q

Who initiates the electric impulses throughout the myocardium

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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49
Q

Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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50
Q

“Lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.

A

Origin of the Heart Sounds

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51
Q

first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close

A

Lubb

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52
Q

second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.

A

Dupp

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53
Q

The average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm)

A

Heart Rate

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54
Q

refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac Output

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55
Q

Average heart rate

A

72 bpm

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56
Q

A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery

A

Pulse

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57
Q

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel measured by the sphygmomanometer; the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation)

A

Blood Pressure

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58
Q

Tool to measure Blood Pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

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59
Q

chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart

A

Angina pectoris

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60
Q

a murmuring sound produced when the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole

A

Aortic stenosis

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61
Q

an infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel

A

Bacterial endocarditis

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62
Q

a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of the heart muscles

A

Congestive heart failure

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63
Q

known as heart attack, it is caused by a decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle

A

Myocardial infarction

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64
Q

inflammation of the pericardial sac that may be due to viral infection

A

Pericarditis

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65
Q

loop consisting of a network of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body

A

Vascular System

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66
Q

2 Divisions of the Vascular System

A

Pulmonary Circulation and Systemic Circulation

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67
Q

moves the blood between the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary Circulation

68
Q

moves the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body.

A

Systemic Circulation

69
Q

thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

A

Arteries

70
Q

small-diameter blood vessels that branch out from the arteries and lead to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

71
Q

tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart

A

Veins

72
Q

very small veins that collect blood from the capillaries

A

Venules

73
Q

fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins

A

Capillaries

74
Q

How many layers does the blood vessel have?

A

3

75
Q

The 3 layers of the blood vessel

A

Tunica adventitia, Tunica media, Tunica intima

76
Q

Layer of the blood vessel which is the outer connective tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

77
Q

Layer of the blood vessel which is the middle, muscle and elastic fiber

A

Tunica media

78
Q

Layer of the blood vessel which is the inner, endothelial cell

A

Tunica intima

79
Q

The structures of the Vascular System

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Veins, Venules, Cappillaries

80
Q

space inside the blood vessel where the blood flows.

A

Lumen

81
Q

found in the veins, these are thin membranous leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood.

A

Valves

82
Q

3 Blood Vessel Structure

A

Layers, Lumen, Valves

83
Q

enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall

A

Aneursym

84
Q

hardening of the artery wall due to aging

A

Arteriosclerosis

85
Q

formation of plaques in the inner walls

A

Atherosclerosis

86
Q

clot or bubble that causes obstruction of an artery

A

Embolism

87
Q

obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel

A

Embolus

88
Q

swollen veins in the area of the anus

A

Hemorrhoids

89
Q

inflammation of the veins particularly the wall

A

Phlebitis

90
Q

swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy

A

Thrombophlebitis

91
Q

blood clot that impedes blood flow

A

Thrombus

92
Q

usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and enlarged

A

Varicose veins

93
Q

red fluid that is transported throughout the body

A

Blood

94
Q

2 Types of Blood

A

Arterial Blood and Venous Blood

95
Q

Blood that carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues

A

Arterial Blood

96
Q

carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are carried to the lungs and kidneys

A

Venous Blood

97
Q

is a clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water

A

Plasma

98
Q

How many percent of water does plasma have?

A

90%

99
Q

How many types of cells are there in the human blood?

A

3

100
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), Thrombocytes (Platelets)

101
Q

carry O, and CO, and are produced in the bone marrow.

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

102
Q

formed in the marrow and the lymphatic tissue. They neutralize pathogens. The two types are granulocytes and agranulocytes.

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

103
Q

pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow that help form blood clots.

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

104
Q

inherited and determined by the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.

A

Human Blood Type

105
Q

a system of classifying human blood by the presence of antigens A and B

A

ABO Blood Group System

106
Q

In a whole blood specimen how many percents is the Plasma?

A

55%

107
Q

In a whole blood specimen how many percents is the Buffy Coat?

A

<1%

108
Q

In a whole blood specimen how many percents is the RBC?

A

45%

109
Q

What is the Buffy Coat made out of?

A

WBC and Platelets

110
Q

necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor’s blood with the recipient’s blood

A

Cross-matching

111
Q

What are the 3 blood specimens collected for testing?

A

Serum, Plasma, Whole Blood

112
Q

is the fluid part of the blood that is left after clotting because it does not have fibrinogen.

A

Serum

113
Q

fluid portion that is separated by centrifugation from the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It has fibrinogen and could be collected using an anticoagulant tube.

A

Plasma

114
Q

same as blood in the bloodstream and it should neither clot nor separate.

A

Whole Blood

115
Q

caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin

A

Anemia

116
Q

cancer of the blood; the formation of abnormal tissues or cells in the bone marrow or the lymphatic system

A

Leukemia

117
Q

shown by high number of leukocytes

A

Urinary tract infection

118
Q

increased number of white blood cells in the blood due to illness or infection

A

Leukocytosis

119
Q

reduced number of white cells in the blood

A

Leukopenia

120
Q

the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting in the thickening of blood

A

Polycythemia

121
Q

the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affect the blood clotting

A

Thrombocytosis

122
Q

characterized by low platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

123
Q

Average platelet count?

A

140-150

124
Q

is a network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the human body.

A

Lymphatic System

125
Q

composed of fluids or lymph

A

Lymphatic System

126
Q

How many percent of water does the lymphatic system made of?

A

95%

127
Q

The lymph is transported throughout the system through the lymphatic vessels, ducts, and masses of lymph tissue called

A

Nodes

128
Q

is an excess tissue fluid that filters through the lymphatic capillaries.

A

Lymph

129
Q

inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel

A

Lymphangitis

130
Q

refers to the inflammation of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

131
Q

also called adenopathy, a disease in which there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

132
Q

enlargement of the spleen

A

Splenomegaly

133
Q

cancer that affects the immune system and is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes

A

Hodgkin’s disease

134
Q

a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes

A

Lymphosarcoma

135
Q

cancer of the lymphatic system that begins in the lymphocytes

A

Lymphoma

136
Q

is the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury

A

Hemostasis

137
Q

the vessel walls are constricted after an injury, which results in reduced flow of blood in the site of injury

A

Vasoconstriction

138
Q

platelets stick together

A

Formation of the primary platelet plug

139
Q

is the process in which the blood changes from a liquid state into a gel that forms the blood clot.

A

Coagulation or Clotting

140
Q

Three types of of Coagulation

A

Enzyme Precursors, Cofactors, Substrates

141
Q

A type of coagulation that turn into enzymes when activated

A

Enyzme Precursors

142
Q

A type of coagulation that accelerate enzymatic reactions

A

Cofactors

143
Q

A type of coagulation that are the substances that are acted on and changed by the enzymes.

A

Substrates

144
Q

Activated by External Trauma

A

Extrinsic Pathway

145
Q

Produces Thrombin

A

Intrinsic Pathway

146
Q

an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation.

A

Thrombin

147
Q

is the process in which the fibrin is dissolved

A

Fibrinolysis

148
Q

Its role in hemostasis is to synthesize coagulation factors such as V, VIII, prothrombin, and fibrinogen.

A

Liver

149
Q

happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs.

A

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

150
Q

occurs when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

151
Q

a disorder involving the lack of sufficient blood- clotting proteins.

A

Hemophilia (Royal Blood Disease)

152
Q

is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets in the blood.

A

Thrombocytopenia

153
Q

is the triangular area on the anterior of the elbow, which is a site of major veins.

A

Antecubital Fossa

154
Q

Other term for Antecubital Fossa

A

Elbow Pit

155
Q

first choice for routine venipuncture

A

Antecubital Fossa

156
Q

refer to a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population.

A

H-shaped antecubital veins

157
Q

preferred venipuncture site. It is the easiest to access and least painful for the patient.

A

Median Cubital Vein

158
Q

the second choice for venipuncture. It is harder to palpate but is usually better when drawing blood from an obese patient.

A

Cephalic Vein

159
Q

last choice-vein for venipuncture as it is not well anchored and punctures on this vein are more painful.

A

Basilic Vein

160
Q

are the intermediate antebrachial veins, which include the median, median cephalic, and median basilic veins.

A

M-shaped antecubital veins

161
Q

first-choice vein; safest and less painful

A

Median Vein

162
Q

second choice for venipuncture; less likely to roll

A

Intermediate Cephalic Vein

163
Q

last choice vein because it is more painful

A

Intermediate Basilic Vein

164
Q

never used as a venipuncture site.

A

Underside of the wrist

165
Q

Must not be used in venipuncture without the permission of a physician due to complications

A

Leg, ankle, foot veins

166
Q

Not used for routine blood collection and is limited to collection of arterial blood gas

A

Arteries

MLS LEC (3 decks)

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