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Intro to vet science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Herd checks

A

reproductive exams and routine health maintenance usually in dairy cows

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2
Q

How often are diary cows usually breed to maximize milk production

A

12 to 13 months

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3
Q

Orthopedic surgeon

A

a doctor, vet, who specializes in surgery of bones

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4
Q

Five basic functions of bone

A

structure
leverage
protection
mineral reserves
blood cell production

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5
Q

Cortical Bone

A

The outer shell of bone composed of dense or compact bone.

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6
Q

Loosely arranged bone

A

spongy or cancellous bone

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7
Q

Where is spongy bone found

A

In the ends of long bones but not flat bones of the skull or pelvis

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8
Q

Medullary cavity of the bone

A

the hollow center containing bone marrow

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9
Q

Periosteum

A

the thin connective tissue lay over bone; the source of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone tissue

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10
Q

Does the periosteum contain a nerve and blood supply?

A

yes

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11
Q

Endosteum

A

connective tissue covering the open spaces within bone

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12
Q

Three types of bone cells

A

osteoblast: cells that form bone

osteocytes: bone remodeling, deposition and remodeling

osteoclast: release the minerals from the bone

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13
Q

Osteoporosis

A

the bones lose their normal density

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14
Q

reproductive exams and routine health maintenance usually in dairy cows

A

Herd check

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15
Q

a doctor, vet, who specializes in surgery of bones

A

Orthopedic surgeoun

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16
Q

The outer shell of bone composed of dense or compact bone.

A

cortical bone

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17
Q

spongy or cancellous bone

A

Loosely arranged bone

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18
Q

the thin connective tissue lay over bone; the source of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone tissue

A

Periostieum

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19
Q

how are joints classified

A

by the type and amount of movement allowed

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20
Q

fibrous joints

A

where joints are brought together by dense connective tissue, also called fixed joints because little movement is possible

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21
Q

example of a fibrous or fixed joint

A

suture in the skull

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22
Q

Cartilage joint

A

joined together by cartilage

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23
Q

three examples of cartilage joints

A

growth plate
symphysis joint (pelvis and lower jaw)
intervertebral disk

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24
Q

synovial joint

A

true moveable joints

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25
Q

synovial fluid function

A

provides lubrication to the joint and carries nutrients to the cartilage of the joint

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26
Q

ligaments

A

dense fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bone to bone

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27
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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28
Q

meniscus

A

a cartilage pad that acts as a cushion between bone ends

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29
Q

flexion (bones and muscles)

A

when the angle between two bones get smaller

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30
Q

extention

A

when the angle between two bones increases

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31
Q

abduction

A

when a part is moved away from the body

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32
Q

adduction

A

when a part is move closer to the body

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33
Q

rotation

A

when a part spins on its long axis

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34
Q

circumduction

A

when a part spins on its long axis

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35
Q

movement of a hinge joint

A

allow movement in one axis, elbow

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36
Q

movement of a pivot joint

A

allows rotation around a point, joint at C1 and C2

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37
Q

ellipsoid joint

A

allows motion in a hinge fashion and in rotation, wrist

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38
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

allows motion in any direction, provides the greatest variety of motion shoulder or hip

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39
Q

where are the cervical vertebrae located

A

neck

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40
Q

connective tissue covering the open spaces within bone

A

endosteum

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41
Q

osteoblast

A

cells that form bone

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42
Q

osteocytes

A

bone remodeling, deposition and remodeling

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43
Q

osteoclast

A

release the minerals from the bone

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44
Q

the bones lose their normal density

A

osteoporosis

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45
Q

where joints are brought together by dense connective tissue, also called fixed joints because little movement is possible

A

fibrous joints

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46
Q

sutures in the skull are an example of what type of joint

A

fibrous joint

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47
Q

growth plate
symphysis joint (pelvis and lower jaw)
intervertebral disk
are examples of what types of joints

A

cartilage joints

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48
Q

true moveable joints

A

synovial joints

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49
Q

provides lubrication to the joint and carries nutrients to the cartilage of the joint

A

function of synovial fluid

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50
Q

dense fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bone to bone

A

ligament

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51
Q

connect muscle to bone

A

tendon

52
Q

a cartilage pad that acts as a cushion between bone ends

A

meniscus

53
Q

angle of bone get smaller

A

flexion

54
Q

angel of bone increases

A

extension

55
Q

when a part is moved away from the body

A

abduction

56
Q

when a part is moved closer to the body

A

adduction

57
Q

when a part spins on its long axis

A

rotation

58
Q

when a part spins on its long axis

A

circumduction

59
Q

allow movement in one axis, elbow

A

hinge joint

60
Q

allows rotation around a point, joint at C1 and C2

A

pivot joint

61
Q

allows motion in a hinge fashion and in rotation, wrist

A

ellipsoid joint

62
Q

cells that form bone

A

osteoblast

63
Q

bone remodeling, deposition and remodeling

A

osteocytes

64
Q

release the minerals from the bone

A

osteoclast

65
Q

What are two major sections of the skeletal system?

A

Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton

66
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum

67
Q

What makes up appendicular?

A

bones of the limbs

68
Q

Do all species have the same number of bones?
Do all animals within a species have the same number of bones?

A

No
NO (example: not all dogs have a dewclaw and some have longer tails than others.)

69
Q

Intervertebral disc disease

A

a breakdown in the vertebral disc

70
Q

x-ray
radiograph
radiology

A

high energy electromagnetic radiation
Image produced by an x-ray
a medical professional who uses medical images to diagnose disease

71
Q

Neck vertebra are called

A

cervical vertebrae; all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae even giraffes

72
Q

C1

A

Atlas; allows head to move back and forth say no

73
Q

C2

A

Axis; allows head to rotate to say yes

74
Q

Name of vertebrae found with ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

75
Q

How many ribs do dogs, cats, cattle, goats and sheep have?

A

13

76
Q

How many ribs do horses have

A

18

77
Q

Sternum

A

bones that from the floor of the thorax

78
Q

what joints the ribs to the sternum

A

Costal cartilage, but it can be replaced with bone in older animals

79
Q

what are the vertebrae of the low back called

A

Lumbar

80
Q

what bones protect the lungs and allow them to expand and contract

A

Ribs

81
Q

what vertebrae protect the organs in the abdomen

A

Lumbar

82
Q

what are the vertebrae found in the pelvis

A

sacral

83
Q

Name the vertebrae that make up the tail of an animal

A

caudal

84
Q

A dog typically has how many caudal vertebrae?

A

20 but can range from 6 to 23

85
Q

the forelimb does not have a boney attachment to the

A

axial skeleton which allows for greater rotation of the limbf

86
Q

High-rise syndrome

A

an animal, usually a cat, falling from a great high such as a balcony usually doesn’t break a limb, but their jaw

87
Q

Name major bones of the appendicular skeleton

A
88
Q

name the large weight barring metacarpal of horses, cattle, sheep, etc…

A

Cannon bone

89
Q

Three bones of the pelvis

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

90
Q

acetabulum

A

the sock of the hip joint

91
Q

cranial drawer sign

A

indicated the a diagnosis of a torn cruciate ligament; in dogs this usually occurs due to degeneration

92
Q

cruciate ligament

A

the x shaped ligament in the knee

93
Q

how do vets test for a torn cruciate ligament

A

press back (posterior) on the femur and forward (anterior) on the tibia

94
Q

Skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum

A

axial skeleton

95
Q

a breakdown in the vertebral disc

A

intervertebral disc disease

96
Q

high energy electromagnetic radiation
Image produced by an x-ray
a medical professional who uses medical images to diagnose disease

A

x-ray

97
Q

Image produced by an x-ray

A

radiograph

98
Q

a medical professional who uses medical images to diagnose disease

A

radiology

99
Q

Ossification

A

bone replacing cartilage

100
Q

Subluxate

A

partial dislocation

101
Q

what attaches bones to muscle

A

cartilage

102
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad sheets of connective tissue that covers tendons

103
Q

muscles are described by the location of their attachment: origin

A

the more fixed point

104
Q

muscles are described by the location of their attachment: insertion

A

the more moveable point

105
Q

extention

A

opening the joint

106
Q

flextion

A

closing the joint

107
Q

simple fracture

A

bone broken in two places cleanly

108
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone broken into several fragments

109
Q

compound (open) fracture

A

one of the bone ends punctures through the skin; risk of bone infection is high with this type of fracture

110
Q

intermedullary pin

A

a stainless steel pin driven into the medullary cavity of the bone

111
Q

hip dysplasia

A

commonly occurs in dogs where the ball-and-sock joint of the hip becomes diseased
The socket is very shallow and due to poor structure, the joint subluxates with movement, so the cartilage lining of the acetabulum and the head of femur become worn

112
Q

example of degenerative joint disese

A

hip dysplasia
The socket is very shallow and due to poor structure, the joint subluxates with movement, so the cartilage lining of the acetabulum and the head of femur become worn

113
Q

joint ill

A

Bacteria enters the umbilicus after birth; the bacteria settles in the joints causing inflammation and pain. If caught early, it can be treated with antibiotics. It can cause permanent damage.

114
Q

Navicular syndrome

A

involves damage of the navicular bone (in horses)

115
Q

the sock of the hip joint

A

acetabulum

116
Q

bone replacing cartilage

A

ossification

117
Q

partial dislocation

A

subluxate

118
Q

the more fixed point of the muscle attachment

A

origin

119
Q

the more mobile point of the muscle attachment

A

insertion

120
Q

opening a joint

A

extention

121
Q

closing a joint

A

flexion

122
Q

bone broken cleanly in one place

A

simple fracture

123
Q

bone broken in several fragments

A

comminuted fracture

124
Q

fracture one of the bone ends punctures through the skin risk of bone infection is high with this type of fracture

A

compound (open) fracture

125
Q

risk of bone infection is high with this type of fracture

A

compound (open) fracture

126
Q

commonly occurs in dogs where the ball-and-sock joint of the hip becomes diseased

A

hip dysplasia

Intro to vet science (4 decks)

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