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Intro to vet science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lipid

A

fats that combine hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in a form that is poorly dissolved in water.

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2
Q

hydrophilic

A

water soluble

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3
Q

hydreophobic

A

repel water

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4
Q

glucose

A

blood sugar, a six-carbon sugar is used for energy in the cell

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5
Q

How many amino acids are used to make proteins?

A

22

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6
Q

How many amino acids can single protein include?

A

200-300

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6
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

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7
Q

Antibodies

A

Infection fighting proteins

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7
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body (Catalyst)

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8
Q

What can be measured in the body to differentiate between different diseases?

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

Another name for cell membrane

A

plasma membrane

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes in the cell nucleus

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11
Q

fats that combine hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in a form that is poorly dissolved in water.

A

Lipid

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12
Q

water soluable

A

hydrophillic

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13
Q

Water repellent

A

hydrophobic

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14
Q

blood sugar, a six-carbon sugar is used for energy in the cell

A

glucose

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15
Q

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

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16
Q

A protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body (Catalyst)

A

Enzyme

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17
Q

Infection fighting protein

A

antibodies

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18
Q

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes in the cell nucleus

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

Small granular-like structures that can be found in the cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

Does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) have Ribosomes?

A

No

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21
Q

What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Used to digest “food” taken in by the cell and to destroy cell structures no longer needed

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

organelle responsible for transporting, modifying, and packing proteins and lipids

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24
Q

Autolysis

A

when the lysosomes release enzymes into the cytoplasm to eliminate dead cells

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25
Q

Power house of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Convert food substances into energy that can be used by the cell

A

Mitochondria

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27
Q

Metabolism

A

All reactions going on in the cell

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28
Q

Used to digest “food” taken in by the cell and to destroy cell structures no longer needed

A

Lysosome

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29
Q

Ribosome

A

Small granular-like structures that can be found in the cytoplasm

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30
Q

organelle responsible for transporting, modifying, and packing proteins and lipids

A

Golgi apparatus

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31
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

Make protein

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32
Q

when the lysosomes release enzymes into the cytoplasm to eliminate dead cells

A

Autolysis

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33
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

Convert food substances into energy that can be used by the cell

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34
Q

All the reactions going on in the cell

A

Metabolism

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35
Q

Two main types of metabolism

A

Anabolism
Catabolism

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36
Q

Anabolism

A

smaller molecules are combined into larger ones

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37
Q

Catabolism

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

38
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is derived (made from)…

A

Blood

39
Q

Are all living cells surrounded by extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

yes (skin is not surrounded by ECF because it is dead; Dogs such as pugs have bulging eyes, so their eye lids are unable to cover their eyes to lubricate them. Sometimes they require artificial tears.

40
Q

Metabolism where smaller molecules are combined into larger ones

A

anabolism

41
Q

Metabolism where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

A

catabolism

42
Q

What is one thing that can cause a puppy to get low blood sugar and possibly have seizures?

A

Parasites

43
Q

The body’s way of keeping its internal conditions stable and balanced, despite changes in the external environment.

A

Homeostasis

44
Q

Products/chemicals must be exchanged between the extra cellular fluid (ECF) and the…

A

Cell

45
Q

Diffusion

A

molecules move from higher to lower concentration

46
Q

When does diffusion stop

A

When the concentrations equalize

47
Q

What are the things that influence diffusion in a cell?

A

Size of the molecule
Charge of the molecule
Ability of the molecule to dissolve in lipid

48
Q

Type of cellular exchange where a molecule is actively pumped

A

Active transport

49
Q

Red blood cells have more potassium (K) than the surrounding extra cellular fluid (ECF), so the K diffuses out of the cell. What type of cellular exchange occurs to get the required K back into the RBC?

A

Active transport

50
Q

semi permeability

A

the property of allowing only certain molecules to diffuse through the membrane

51
Q

Osmosis

A

a process by which molecules of a solvent (water) tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

52
Q

When RBC are put in a concentrated solution, the water within moves to the solution causing the cell to shrink. This is what mechanisms of cellular exchange.

A

Osmosis

53
Q

Endocytosis

A

The mechanism of cellular exchange by which the cell membrane wraps around a particle, pinches off and moves into the cytoplasm of the cell as a vacuole. This occurs with large molecules such as proteins.

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

A membrane bound sac containing the molecule joins with the cell membrane and releases it into the ECF

55
Q

What organelle is responsible for making the sacs used in exocytosis?

A

Golgi apparatus

56
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s way of keeping its internal conditions stable and balanced, despite changes in the external environment.

57
Q

molecules move from higher to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

58
Q

active transport

A

Type of cellular exchange where a molecule is actively pumped

59
Q

What are the five mechanisms of cellular exchange?

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

60
Q

the property of allowing only certain molecules to diffuse through the membrane

A

Semi permeable

61
Q

a process by which molecules of a solvent (water) tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

A

Osmosis

62
Q

uncontrolled mitosis results in

A

Cancer

63
Q

mass of rapidly dividing cells

A

tumor

64
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Review what happens during these phases

65
Q

What happens with mitosis after an injury?

A

It increases

66
Q

Do nerve cells go through mitosis?

A

no

67
Q

Review meiosis

A
68
Q

Tumor that are localized to one area, have a well defined margin, and don’t spread to other parts of the body

A

benign

69
Q

Tumors that are more likely to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

A

malignant

70
Q

the spread of a tumor from its primary location

A

metastasis

71
Q

another name for tumor

A

neoplast

72
Q

Pathologist

A

Person who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues

73
Q

The mechanism of cellular exchange by which the cell membrane wraps around a particle, pinches off and moves into the cytoplasm of the cell as a vacuole. This occurs with large molecules such as proteins.

A

Endocytosis

74
Q

Apoptosis

A

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

75
Q

A membrane bound sac containing the molecule joins with the cell membrane and releases it into the ECF

A

exocytosis

76
Q

Bottle Jaw

A

Describes an accumulation of fluid within the tissues under the jaw; this occurs in severely parasitized sheep. The parasites within the intestinal tract consume a large amount of protein, so fluid moves from the bloodstream to the tissue through osmosis

77
Q

Edema

A

excess fluid within a tissue

78
Q

Pitting edema

A

excess fluid in which finger pressure into the tissue creates a “pit” that only slowly resolves

79
Q

ascites

A

Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

80
Q

Toxin in antifreeze

A

Ethylene glycol (extremely toxic to kidneys)

81
Q

a treatment for kidney failure that uses osmosis and diffusion

A

Dialysis

82
Q

Urea

A

a breakdown product in the metabolism of protein

83
Q

kidney failure results in the build up of

A

Urea which is usually excreted in urine; this creates a build up of urea which acts as a toxin

84
Q

Do all species have the same type or amount of enzymes?

A

No; for example, cats have less of certain enzymes to break down medications

85
Q

metastisis

A

the spread of a tumor from its original location

86
Q

Person who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues

A

Pathologist

87
Q

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

A

Apoptosis

88
Q

Describes an accumulation of fluid within the tissues under the jaw; this occurs in severely parasitized sheep. The parasites within the intestinal tract consume a large amount of protein, so fluid moves from the bloodstream to the tissue through osmosis

A

Bottle Jaw

89
Q

Excess fluid in tissue

A

Edema

90
Q

excess fluid in which finger pressure into the tissue creates a “pit” that only slowly resolves

A

Pitting edema

91
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

A

Ascites

92
Q

Dialysis

A

treatment for kidney disease using osmosis and diffusion

93
Q

a breakdown product in the metabolism of protein

A

Urea

94
Q

Occurs when urea builds up in the blood creating a toxin

A

Kidney Failure

Intro to vet science (4 decks)

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