chapter 3 Flashcards
Cognitive neuroscience
Study of brain activity that is linked with the mental process
Relates specific brain activity to conscious experiences
sub conscious
●Can be aware while conscious isn’t
● Doesn’t hit the threshold of activation
● Sub-conscious can impact our behaviour, and we wouldn’t know
Duel processing (Freud)
Unconscious, Pre-consciousness, Conscious
●Unconscious: Innate drives and desires that can’t be consciously
accessed
● Pre-consciousness: Outside current awareness but can be easily recalled
● Conscious: Thoughts and perceptions we are currently aware of
Duel processing (today)
● Conscious and unconscious work together: Duel processing
● Conscious: Effortful processing, must pay attention and think, limited
capacity (studying for a test)
● Unconscious: Automatic, habits, learned behaviours, quick and efficient
selective attention
only aware of things that you think are important
inattentional blindness
does not notice visual objects when attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
does not realize change in object when attention is directed elsewhere
how long are the sleep cycle and how many are in stages are in it
90 minutes and there are 4 stages
name the 4 stages of sleep in order
NREM1, NREM2, NREM3
and REM
Circadian Rythm
Internal body clock and allows our bodies to sync with the 24-hour cycle of day and night
Waking beta
●High frequency
● Low amplitude
● Always alert
● Alert awakened state
Waking alpha
● Lower frequency
● Higher amplitude
● More relaxed
● Eyes may be closed, but still awake
NREM1
theta brain waves (irregular + slower)
Hypnogogic sensations
lasts one minute or less
NREM2
● More relaxed
● Begins periodic sleep spindles
→ rapid, rhythmic brain wave
activity (aids memory processing)
● Lasts about 20 mins
NREM3
hard to wake up someone when they are in this stage (deep sleep)
lasts around 30 minutes
REM
about an hour into sleeping.
brain looks like N1 but not as light sleep
personal can be aroused in this stage
if you don,t get enough REM on night you will be in REM the next night for longer to catch up
manifest content (Freud)
elements of a dream that are conscouisly remembered and experienced
latent content (Freud)
unconscious thoughts that appear in the manifest content of a dream
why do we dream ( dream theories)
to process and store info - there’s a link between REM and memory
Physiological function - develop and pressure neural pathways
neural activation - REM sleep trigger neural activity that evoke random visual memories
Cognitive Development: - brain matures and dream reflects on persons maturity development
lucid dreaming
aware that you are dreaming.
Brain wave patterns are more “awake.”
More activity is happening in the frontal lobe
trauma and dreams
Insomnia can be a pre-curser to developing PTSD
Less deep sleep (stage 3)
Nightmares and flashbacks can occur before stage 1 sleep (hypnogogic state)
TSD (Trauma-associated sleep disorder) related nightmares occur during REM
and NREM sleep.
why do we sleep
gives the body a chance to rest and prepare
helps with memory
- Reactivates recent experiences stored
in the Hippocampus and shifts them to
permanent storage elsewhere in the
cortex
supports growth
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
person ends up dependent on alcohol and pills to fall asleep. over time they may build a tolerance will have to increase dosage.
narcolepsy
sudden attacks of sleep. - they can immediately go into REM
can last up to five minutes
sleep apnea
fatigue and depression ( linked with obesity)
sleep walking
happens in NREM3
night terrors
happens in NREM3
Appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, or walking around
Psychoactive drugs
alter perceptions, moods and other
conscious experience
substance use disorder
continued use of substance even if you know its bad for you (addiction)
tolerance
neuroadaptation
after a certain about of substance or time you build up a tolerance and you have to increase the amount you take in order to feel something
addictions
very strong cravings for drug or substance
you cannot function with out it. it leads to withdrawal
psychologists Frain from using addiction term for substance abuse and stuff. the call it compulsion
Homeostasis
Bodies balance. When your body is addicted to something, it throws off
the balance as it tries to compensate for the different substances in your body.
depressants (Alcohol, tranquillizers (Barbiturates) and opiates)
calm neural activity and calm body
its easy to get addicted
mass consumption will lead to death (depress the nervous system)
affects of alcohol use
lowers inhibitions - urges that u have when sober but don’t act on you will prob act on them drunk
slows neural processing and thought process
reduces awareness
disrupts REM –> disrupts memory process and formation
permanent damage to brain and dangerous withdrawal
Attentional Myopia
whatever you brain was most fixated on before will be what you will fixate while intoxicated (stressed or angry)
Barbiturates (Nembutal, Seconal and Amytal)
tranquilizer
Depress nervous system activity
prescribed for sleep and anxiety
large doses are dangerous
Opiates (Heroin, Methadone)
pleasure replaces pain/anxiety
Pupils constrict and breathing slows and Painful withdrawals
Stops producing Endorphins after using repeatedly
Naloxone: way to counteract opiote overdose
stimulants (Caffeine, Nicotine (including E cig.), Amphetamines, Methamphetamines,
Cocaine, Ecstasy)
Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions
pupils dilates, increased breathing, hearth rate, blood sugar and low appetite
Used to feel alert, lose weight or boost mood or athletic performance
increase insomnia and addictive
cocaine
enters blood stream fast and produces euphoria which depletes the brains
neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
after an hour, there is a crash of depression and after several hours cravings come back
meth
Body function speeds up, energy and mood rises
Releases dopamine and last 8 hours
After Effects: Irritability, insomnia, seizures, social isolation, violent outbursts
over time it can lower dopamine levels and result in depresssin
Ecstasy
MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine → powdered version is molly)
Stimulant and mild hallucinogen
makes dopamine get released but also the stored serotonin
3-4 hours
Severe dehydration, increased blood pressure, affects immune system, impairs
memory, slows thoughts, disrupts sleep
Damages serotonin neurons → depression
how long does the affect of caffeine last
3 -4 hours
Hallucinogens
causes hallucinations
Violent outbursts, paranoia, panic
Synthetic examples Hallucinogens
LSD, MDMA (meth)
LSD - Intense colours and imagery
Can vary from Euphoria to detachment to panic
Natural substance examples Hallucinogens
Peyote, psilocybin, mushrooms, ayahuasca brew and weed
Mary jane : stays in body for about a week
- Mild hallucinogen
- Used to improve sleep or mood
affects : motor coordination, perceptual skills and reaction time
negatives : increase anxiety, disrupt memory formation / immediate recall
of info, impair brain development, shrink memory and emotion processing, cause
chronic bronchitis, psychosis, social anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts
mushrooms
- psilocybin
- Doesn’t become psychically or psychologically dependent
- micro dosing can be helpful
bio influences for drugs
genetics - genes produce deficiencies in the brain’s natural dopamine system
twin studies - if one twin uses, the other is most likely to too
adoption studies - : those with drug-abusing biological parents are at double risk of drug use
Psychological influences for drugs
those w/out a secure or healthy relationships with family or friends will most likely turn to drugs
feels that life is meaning
Psychological issues such as depression
women w/ history of abuse, ed or depression have increased risk
Social and cultural influences for drugs
peer pressure
who you surround yourself w/
