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psych test 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Study of brain activity that is linked with the mental process

Relates specific brain activity to conscious experiences

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2
Q

sub conscious

A

●Can be aware while conscious isn’t
● Doesn’t hit the threshold of activation
● Sub-conscious can impact our behaviour, and we wouldn’t know

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3
Q

Duel processing (Freud)

Unconscious, Pre-consciousness, Conscious

A

●Unconscious: Innate drives and desires that can’t be consciously
accessed
● Pre-consciousness: Outside current awareness but can be easily recalled
● Conscious: Thoughts and perceptions we are currently aware of

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4
Q

Duel processing (today)

A

● Conscious and unconscious work together: Duel processing
● Conscious: Effortful processing, must pay attention and think, limited
capacity (studying for a test)
● Unconscious: Automatic, habits, learned behaviours, quick and efficient

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5
Q

selective attention

A

only aware of things that you think are important

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6
Q

inattentional blindness

A

does not notice visual objects when attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

change blindness

A

does not realize change in object when attention is directed elsewhere

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8
Q

how long are the sleep cycle and how many are in stages are in it

A

90 minutes and there are 4 stages

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9
Q

name the 4 stages of sleep in order

A

NREM1, NREM2, NREM3
and REM

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10
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

Internal body clock and allows our bodies to sync with the 24-hour cycle of day and night

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11
Q

Waking beta

A

●High frequency
● Low amplitude
● Always alert
● Alert awakened state

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12
Q

Waking alpha

A

● Lower frequency
● Higher amplitude
● More relaxed
● Eyes may be closed, but still awake

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13
Q

NREM1

A

theta brain waves (irregular + slower)
Hypnogogic sensations
lasts one minute or less

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14
Q

NREM2

A

● More relaxed
● Begins periodic sleep spindles
→ rapid, rhythmic brain wave
activity (aids memory processing)
● Lasts about 20 mins

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15
Q

NREM3

A

hard to wake up someone when they are in this stage (deep sleep)

lasts around 30 minutes

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16
Q

REM

A

about an hour into sleeping.
brain looks like N1 but not as light sleep
personal can be aroused in this stage

if you don,t get enough REM on night you will be in REM the next night for longer to catch up

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17
Q

manifest content (Freud)

A

elements of a dream that are conscouisly remembered and experienced

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18
Q

latent content (Freud)

A

unconscious thoughts that appear in the manifest content of a dream

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19
Q

why do we dream ( dream theories)

A

to process and store info - there’s a link between REM and memory

Physiological function - develop and pressure neural pathways

neural activation - REM sleep trigger neural activity that evoke random visual memories

Cognitive Development: - brain matures and dream reflects on persons maturity development

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20
Q

lucid dreaming

A

aware that you are dreaming.
Brain wave patterns are more “awake.”
More activity is happening in the frontal lobe

21
Q

trauma and dreams

A

Insomnia can be a pre-curser to developing PTSD

Less deep sleep (stage 3)

Nightmares and flashbacks can occur before stage 1 sleep (hypnogogic state)

TSD (Trauma-associated sleep disorder) related nightmares occur during REM
and NREM sleep.

22
Q

why do we sleep

A

gives the body a chance to rest and prepare

helps with memory
- Reactivates recent experiences stored
in the Hippocampus and shifts them to
permanent storage elsewhere in the
cortex
supports growth

23
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

person ends up dependent on alcohol and pills to fall asleep. over time they may build a tolerance will have to increase dosage.

24
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden attacks of sleep. - they can immediately go into REM

can last up to five minutes

25
Q

sleep apnea

A

fatigue and depression ( linked with obesity)

26
Q

sleep walking

A

happens in NREM3

27
Q

night terrors

A

happens in NREM3

Appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, or walking around

28
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

alter perceptions, moods and other
conscious experience

29
Q

substance use disorder

A

continued use of substance even if you know its bad for you (addiction)

30
Q

tolerance

A

neuroadaptation

after a certain about of substance or time you build up a tolerance and you have to increase the amount you take in order to feel something

31
Q

addictions

A

very strong cravings for drug or substance

you cannot function with out it. it leads to withdrawal

psychologists Frain from using addiction term for substance abuse and stuff. the call it compulsion

32
Q

Homeostasis

A

Bodies balance. When your body is addicted to something, it throws off
the balance as it tries to compensate for the different substances in your body.

33
Q

depressants (Alcohol, tranquillizers (Barbiturates) and opiates)

A

calm neural activity and calm body

its easy to get addicted

mass consumption will lead to death (depress the nervous system)

34
Q

affects of alcohol use

A

lowers inhibitions - urges that u have when sober but don’t act on you will prob act on them drunk

slows neural processing and thought process

reduces awareness

disrupts REM –> disrupts memory process and formation

permanent damage to brain and dangerous withdrawal

35
Q

Attentional Myopia

A

whatever you brain was most fixated on before will be what you will fixate while intoxicated (stressed or angry)

36
Q

Barbiturates (Nembutal, Seconal and Amytal)

A

tranquilizer

Depress nervous system activity

prescribed for sleep and anxiety

large doses are dangerous

37
Q

Opiates (Heroin, Methadone)

A

pleasure replaces pain/anxiety

Pupils constrict and breathing slows and Painful withdrawals

Stops producing Endorphins after using repeatedly

Naloxone: way to counteract opiote overdose

38
Q

stimulants (Caffeine, Nicotine (including E cig.), Amphetamines, Methamphetamines,
Cocaine, Ecstasy)

A

Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions

pupils dilates, increased breathing, hearth rate, blood sugar and low appetite

Used to feel alert, lose weight or boost mood or athletic performance

increase insomnia and addictive

39
Q

cocaine

A

enters blood stream fast and produces euphoria which depletes the brains
neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

after an hour, there is a crash of depression and after several hours cravings come back

40
Q

meth

A

Body function speeds up, energy and mood rises

Releases dopamine and last 8 hours

After Effects: Irritability, insomnia, seizures, social isolation, violent outbursts

over time it can lower dopamine levels and result in depresssin

41
Q

Ecstasy

A

MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine → powdered version is molly)

Stimulant and mild hallucinogen

makes dopamine get released but also the stored serotonin

3-4 hours

Severe dehydration, increased blood pressure, affects immune system, impairs
memory, slows thoughts, disrupts sleep

Damages serotonin neurons → depression

42
Q

how long does the affect of caffeine last

A

3 -4 hours

43
Q

Hallucinogens

A

causes hallucinations

Violent outbursts, paranoia, panic

44
Q

Synthetic examples Hallucinogens

A

LSD, MDMA (meth)

LSD - Intense colours and imagery

Can vary from Euphoria to detachment to panic

45
Q

Natural substance examples Hallucinogens

A

Peyote, psilocybin, mushrooms, ayahuasca brew and weed

Mary jane : stays in body for about a week
- Mild hallucinogen
- Used to improve sleep or mood
affects : motor coordination, perceptual skills and reaction time

negatives : increase anxiety, disrupt memory formation / immediate recall
of info, impair brain development, shrink memory and emotion processing, cause
chronic bronchitis, psychosis, social anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts

mushrooms
- psilocybin
- Doesn’t become psychically or psychologically dependent
- micro dosing can be helpful

46
Q

bio influences for drugs

A

genetics - genes produce deficiencies in the brain’s natural dopamine system

twin studies - if one twin uses, the other is most likely to too

adoption studies - : those with drug-abusing biological parents are at double risk of drug use

47
Q

Psychological influences for drugs

A

those w/out a secure or healthy relationships with family or friends will most likely turn to drugs

feels that life is meaning

Psychological issues such as depression

women w/ history of abuse, ed or depression have increased risk

48
Q

Social and cultural influences for drugs

A

peer pressure
who you surround yourself w/

psych test 1 (2 decks)

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