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Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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2
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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3
Q

Selective Attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

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4
Q

Those working in the interdisciplinary field called _______ _______ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of perception, thinking, memory, and language.

A

cognitive neuroscience

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5
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

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6
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment.

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7
Q

Dual Processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

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8
Q

Blindsight

A

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

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9
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once.

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10
Q

Sequential Processing

A

Processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems.

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11
Q

Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called ________.

A

inattentional blindness

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12
Q

We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of ________ processing. When we devote deliberate attention to stimuli, we use ________ processing.

A

unconscious; conscious

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13
Q

________ blindness and change blindness are forms of selective attention.

A

Inattentional

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14
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

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15
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur in a 24-hour cycle.

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16
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

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17
Q

Alpha Waves

A

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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18
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

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19
Q

Delta Waves

A

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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20
Q

What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages?

A

REM, NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3; normally we move through NREM-1, then NREM-2, then NREM-3, then back up through NREM-2, before we experience REM sleep.

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21
Q

Match the cognitive experience with the sleep stage:
1. NREM-1 a. story-like dreams
2. NREM-3 b. fleeting images
3. REM c. minimal awareness

A
  1. NREM-1, b. fleeting images
  2. NREM-3, c. minimal awareness
  3. REM, a. story-like dreams
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22
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

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23
Q

The ________ nucleus helps monitor the brain’s release of melatonin, which affects our ________ rhythm.

A

suprachiasmatic, circadian

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24
Q

What are five proposed reasons for our need for sleep?

A
  1. Sleep has survival value.
  2. Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
  3. During sleep we consolidate memories.
  4. Sleep fuels creativity.
  5. Sleep plays a role in the growth process.
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25
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

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26
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

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27
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

28
Q

Night Terrors

A

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

29
Q

Dream

A

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

30
Q

Manifest Content

A

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

31
Q

Latent Content

A

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

32
Q

REM Rebound

A

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

33
Q

What five theories propose explanations for why we dream?

A
  1. Freud’s wish-fulfillment (dreams as a psychic safety valve)
  2. Information-processing (dreams sort the day’s events and form memories)
  3. Physiological function (dreams pave neural pathways)
  4. Neural activation (REM sleep triggers random neural activity that the mind weaves into stories)
  5. Cognitive development (dreams reflect the dreamer’s developmental stage)
34
Q

Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as ________.

A

circadian rhythm

35
Q

During NREM-1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experience ________.

A

hallucinations

36
Q

The brain emits large, slow delta waves during ________ sleep.

A

NREM-3

37
Q

As the night progresses, what happens to the REM stage of sleep?

A

It increases in duration.

38
Q

What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea?

A

With narcolepsy, the person periodically falls directly into REM sleep with no warning; with sleep apnea, the person repeatedly awakens during the night.

39
Q

In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their ________.
a. information-processing function
b. physiological function
c.manifest content, or story line
d. latent content, or hidden meaning

A

d. latent content, or hidden meaning

40
Q

How has neural activation been used to explain why we dream?

A

The activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity.

41
Q

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as ________ ________.

A

REM rebound

42
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

43
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

44
Q

Tolerance

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

45
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences.

46
Q

Withdrawal

A

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

47
Q

Three major categories of psychoactive drugs

A

Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

48
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

49
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder

A

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

50
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.

51
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

52
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

53
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

54
Q

Nicotine

A

A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

55
Q

Cocaine

A

A powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

56
Q

Methamphetamine

A

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

57
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

58
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

59
Q

Near-Death Experience

A

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

60
Q

LSD

A

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

61
Q

THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

62
Q

The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, and ________.

A

opiates

63
Q

Long-term use of ecstasy can ________.

A

damage serotonin-producing neurons

64
Q

Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the experiences evoked by ________ drugs.

A

hallucinogenic

65
Q

Use of marijuana
a. impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory
b. inhibits people’s emotions
c. leads to dehydration and overheating
d. stimulates brain cell development

A

a. impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory

66
Q

An important psychological contributor to drug use is
a. inflated self-esteem
b. the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless
c. genetic predispositions
d. overprotective parents

A

b. the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless

Psychology (4 decks)

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