Chapter 3

Question 1

What is functional groups?

Answer 1

Functional groups are groups of atoms within a molecule that undergo certain types of chemical reactions, regardless of what type of macromolecule they are a part of. Some important functional groups that you will need to know are: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups. There are many others, but these are the ones you will encounter often in this class.

Question 2

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates are macromolecules that are important for energy storage, energy metabolism, and the physical structure of cells.

Question 3

What is a monosaccharides?

Answer 3

Monosaccharides are simple sugars composed of 3 to 6 carbon atoms; some examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose. They are often in the form of a ring in cells.

Question 4

What is Disaccharides?

Answer 4

Disaccharides contain two sugars attached to each other; some examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.c

Question 5

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 5

Polysaccharides are complex sugar polymers that serve a variety of functions in cells; some examples include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

Question 6

What is metabolism?

Answer 6

Metabolism: sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in living things

Question 7

Matter?

Answer 7

•Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 8

Covalent bonds?

Answer 8

Sharing of 2 electrons in a bond

Question 9

Organic molecules?

Answer 9

Organic molecules have carbon-based backbones and at least one C-H bond

Question 10

Proteins?

Answer 10

Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers

Question 11

Nucleic Acids

Answer 11

Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotide monomers (A, T, U, G, & C)

Question 12

Lipids?

Answer 12

Lipids are not made of repeating monomers Lipids are used to store energy, for cell structure, and insulation.

Question 13

The cell?

Answer 13

Basic structural unit of life
All cells share some basic architecture (more on this next class!)

Question 14

Cell membrane

Answer 14

•All cells are bounded by a cell membrane
•The cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids

Question 15

Phospholipids.

Answer 15

have hydrophilic (water-loving) phosphate heads and hydrophobic (water-hating) lipid tails

Question 16

Water?

Answer 16

•Composed of oxygen and hydrogen atoms

Question 17

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 17

weak electrostatic attractions between negative and positive ends of water molecules (also between water and other molecules)

Question 18

Cohesion?

Answer 18

water molecules tend to stick together

Question 19

Adhesion

Answer 19

water molecules cling to surfaces

Question 20

Ionic bonds

Answer 20

Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged (+ and -) ions

Question 21

Acids

Answer 21

Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH closer to 0

Question 22

Bases

Answer 22

•Bases have a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH closer to 14

Question 23

Saturated fats

Answer 23

Saturated fats- When the hydrocarbon chain contains only single carbon bonds.

Question 24

Unsaturated

Answer 24

Unsaturated fats- When the hydrocarbon chain contains double carbon bonds.

Question 25

Are lipids hydrophilic?

Answer 25

No they are hydrophobic

Question 26

How are amino acids importance of proteins?

Answer 26

There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in the proteins of living things. •The sequence and number of amino acids determines a protein’s shape, size, and function.

Question 27

What is a chain of amino acids called?

Answer 27

Polypeptides

Question 28

Enzymes?

Answer 28

are proteins which act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

Question 29

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? And are they a dna or a rna Nucleic acid?

Answer 29

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 30

Nucleotides are made of?

Answer 30

Nitrogenous base Pentose (five-carbon) sugar Phosphate group