Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

What Is a Hypothesis?

Answer 1

an explanation for a set of observations that yields a testable prediction.

Question 2

What is the definition of an experiment

Answer 2

a test for whether or not a hypothesis is true.

Question 3

What is a control group/sample?

Answer 3

a well-known condition within the experimental test.

Question 4

What is a experimental group/sample?

Answer 4

an unknown condition or sample that differs from the control in only one way.

Question 5

What is a Variable in an experiment?

Answer 5

the single difference between the control and experimental sample.

Question 6

List order of Scientific Method

Answer 6

1.Observation/Ask a Question
2. Background research
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
4. Test With experiement then Is it working?
5. Yes? Then Analyze the data next No? Go over procedures again and do #4 again.
6. Results match hypothesis?then share results… Results don’t match? Formulate new hypothesis and go back to #2

Question 7

What is a proton?

Answer 7

a subatomic particle with a charge of +1. The number of these within the atomic nucleus determines the identity of the element.

Question 8

What is a protein?

Answer 8

term that should not be confused with proton, that instead refers to far larger and complex molecule that will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter.

Question 9

What is a electron?

Answer 9

A subatomic particle with a charge of -1. The number of these determine a great deal about the chemical behavior of the element.

Question 10

What is electronegativity?

Answer 10

the relative affinity of the atomic nucleus for the electrons that surround it.

Question 11

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 11

a strong bonding interaction between two atoms that share electrons between them.

Question 12

What is a Ionic bond?

Answer 12

a strong bonding interaction between two atoms, one with a + charge, and the other with a - charge. There is no sharing of electrons between them.

Question 13

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 13

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the partially negative oxygen of one water molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of a different water molecule.

Question 14

What is a hydrophobic interaction?

Answer 14

hydrophobic interaction: the favorable interactions between nonpolar compounds that drives their aggregation when in the presence of water.

Question 15

What is the definition of a Fact?

Answer 15

Observations that have been repeatedly confirmed.

Question 16

Definition of Scientific theory?

Answer 16

a generally accepted, thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. Scientific theory is the foundation of scientific knowledge. (Heliocentric theory)

Question 17

What is Scientific Law?

Answer 17

describes how elements of nature will behave under certain specific conditions and are often expressed in mathematical formulas. (Law of Gravity)

Question 18

What is inductive reasoning? What is the order of reasoning?

Answer 18

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science.

Obersvation/Experiment ➡️ generalizations ➡️ theory

This is the opposite to deductive reasoning…

Question 19

What is deductive reasoning and what is the method used in relation of this? What is the order of this type of reasoning?

Answer 19

or deduction is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning.

The Scientific method is deductive reasoning in use. And Hypothesis testing as well is deductive as well.

The order is is theory➡️predictions ➡️observation/experiment

Question 20

What reasoning is prone to leading to false conclusions?

Answer 20

Inductive reasoning because the conclusion at best is probable.

Question 21

What reasoning is prone to being based on false premise?

Answer 21

Deductive reasoning.

Question 22

What is the three things scientific explanations are based on?

Answer 22

Scientific explanations consist of three elements:
1.Claims
2.Evidence
3.Reasoning

Question 23

What is a claim?

Answer 23

is an assertion of conclusion that answers a question.

Question 24

Evidence?

Answer 24

is scientific data that supports the claim. It can come from an investigation, observations, reading material, or archived data.

Question 25

Reasoning?

Answer 25

is the justification that links the claim and evidence. It shows why the data counts as evidence to support the claim,

Question 26

What is basic science?

Answer 26

Basic science or “pure” science seeks to expand knowledge. The immediate goal of basic science is add to the pool of knowledge.

Question 27

What is applied science?

Answer 27

Applied science aims to use science to solve real-world problems, like to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular disease.

Question 28

What type of molecules are in hydrogen bonds?

Answer 28

Hydrogen bonds can form between water molecules or between water and another charged molecule.

Question 29

What is cohesion?

Answer 29

water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding

Question 30

What is adhesion?

Answer 30

water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

Question 31

Define hydrophilic

Answer 31

“water-loving”

Question 32

Define hydrophobic

Answer 32

“water-fearing”

Question 33

Explain Buffers

Answer 33

resist changes to the pH of a solution when H+ or OH- is added to the solution.

Question 34

What are the key characteristics or functions all groups of living organisms ?

Answer 34

1.Order
2.Sensitivity or response to stimuli
3.Reproduction
4.Adaptation
5.Growth and development
6.Regulation