Chapter 3

Question 1

matter

Answer 1

any material that has mass and occupies space

Question 2

atom

Answer 2

the basic unit of matter; the smallest unit that maintains the chemical properties of an element

Question 3

element

Answer 3

a chemical substance with a unique set of properties that cannot be broken down into substances with other properties

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

the central core of an atom; consists of protons and neutrons

Question 5

molecule

Answer 5

a combination of 2 or more atoms

Question 6

compound

Answer 6

a substance combining atoms of two or more different elements

Question 7

hydrocarbon

Answer 7

an organic compound combining hydrogen and carbon

Question 8

solution

Answer 8

a mixture in which all the ingredients are evenly distributed

Question 9

macromolecule

Answer 9

a large organic molecule; includes proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 10

protein

Answer 10

an organic compound made up of cabon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Question 11

nucleic acid

Answer 11

the macromolecule that carries hereditary information like RNA and DNA

Question 12

carbohydrate

Answer 12

an organic compound that consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 13

lipid

Answer 13

chemically diverse compound that does not dissolve in water

Question 14

pH

Answer 14

a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution

Question 15

feedback loop

Answer 15

the part of a system in which some portion of that system’s output is used as input for future behavior(positive drives it to extreme,negative stabilizes)

Question 16

erosian

Answer 16

the removal of soil by water, wind, ice, or gravity

Question 17

geosphere

Answer 17

all the rock at and below earths surface

Question 18

lithosphere

Answer 18

sphere of earth made up of the hard rock on and just below earths surface; the outermost layer of both earth and its geosphere

Question 19

biosphere

Answer 19

the earth and all of its organisms and environments

Question 20

atmosphere

Answer 20

the thin layer of gases that surrounds earth

Question 21

hydrosphere

Answer 21

all of the water in any form above and below earths surface and int eh atmosphere

Question 22

crust

Answer 22

thin layer of rock that forms earths outer surface on land and in the ocean

Question 23

mantle

Answer 23

layer of very hot but mostly solid rock beneath earths crust

Question 24

core

Answer 24

the layer of earth below the mantle

Question 25

tectonic plate

Answer 25

one of the rigid layers of the lithosphere

Question 26

landform

Answer 26

mountain, island, or continent formed by the collisions and separations of tectonic plates

Question 27

deposition

Answer 27

the movement and accumulation of eroded soil

Question 28

evaporation

Answer 28

change in state from liquid to gas

Question 29

transpiration

Answer 29

the release of water vapor by plants through their leaves

Question 30

precipitation

Answer 30

return of water from the atmosphere to the earths surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail

Question 31

condensation

Answer 31

change in state from a vapor to a liquid

Question 32

aquifer

Answer 32

sponge like formation of rock, sand, or gravel that holds water

Question 33

groundwater

Answer 33

fresh water found below earths surface

Question 34

law of conservation of matter

Answer 34

principle that states that matter can change form but cannot be created or destroyed

Question 35

nutrient

Answer 35

matter that organisms need to carry out their life processes

Question 36

biogeochemical cycle

Answer 36

circulation of nutrients through the atmosphere; also called the nutrient cycle

Question 37

primary producer

Answer 37

organism that can capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it

Question 38

photosynthesis

Answer 38

process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen

Question 39

consumer

Answer 39

organism that relies on other organisms for energy and nutrients; also called heterotroph

Question 40

decomposer

Answer 40

organism that breaks down nonliving matter into simple parts that can then be taken up and reused by primary producers

Question 41

cellular respiration

Answer 41

process which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars, producing carbon dioxide and water(opposite of photosynthesis)

Question 42

eutrophication

Answer 42

introduction of phosphorus and nitrogen into a body of water that leads to an overgrowth of algae and other producers

Question 43

nitrogen fixation

Answer 43

conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia

Question 44

Water cycle

Answer 44

hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere Liquid, Solid, and gaseous: Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, and precipitation

Question 45

carbon cycle

Answer 45

atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere

Question 46

phosphorus cycle

Answer 46

biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Question 47

nitrogen cycle

Answer 47

atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

Question 48

protons

Answer 48

in the middle and is a positive charge

Question 49

neutrons

Answer 49

in the middle and has no charge

Question 50

electrons

Answer 50

in the outer rings and has a negative charge