Chapter 3

Question 1

What is Ethics?

Answer 1

The branch of philosophy concerned with morality

Question 2

What are the 4 principles of Ethics in psychology?

Answer 2

1. Weighing risks against benefits.
2. Acting with responsibility and integrity.
3. Seeking Justice.
4. Respecting people’s rights and dignity.

Question 3

Scientific research in psychology can be ethical only if its ____ are ____ by its ____.

Answer 3

Risks
Outweighed
Benefits

Question 4

What is a confederate?

Answer 4

A false participant and ally of the researcher in a study who is there to deceive other participants.

Question 5

What does it mean to act responsibly and with integrity?

Answer 5

Researchers must conduct their research in a thorough and competent manner, meeting their professional obligations, and being truthful in order to promote trust.

Question 6

What are some elements of respecting people’s rights and dignity?

Answer 6

Respecting autonomy (a person’s right to make their own choices).

Providing participants with informed consent.

Respecting participants privacy (a person’s right to decide what informaation about them is shared with others).

Researchers must maintain confidentiality (an agreement to respect privacy).

Participants should be allowed anonymity.

Question 7

Ethical conflict?

Answer 7

Although it may not be possible to eliminate ethical conflict completely, it is possible to deal with it in responsible and constructive ways. In general, this means thoroughly and carefully thinking through the ethical issues that are raised, minimizing the risks, and weighing the risks against the benefits. It also means being able to explain one’s ethical decisions to others, seeking feedback on them, and ultimately taking responsibility for them.

Question 8

What was one of the earliest codes of ethics?

Answer 8

The Nuremberg Code, 1947, consisted of 10 principles used to convict NAZI physicians.

Question 9

The ____ of Helsinki is what?

Answer 9

Declaration

Similar to Nuremberg code.
Created in 1964 by World Medical Council.
Mandated that human experimentation be followed according to a protocol (written procedure of experiment) that is reviewed by an independent committee.

Question 10

What was written in 1978 in response to the Tuskegee Syphillis Study?

Answer 10

The Belmont Report
Recognized the need for
-Seeking Justice
-Assessing benefits and risks
-Respect for persons
-Beneficence

Question 11

What did the Belmont Report become the basis for?

Answer 11

A set of laws that apply to research conductede, supported, or regulated by the federal government. (The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects).

This mandated the instatement of Institutional Review Boards for federal programs.

Question 12

What is necessary in an IRB?

Answer 12

5 people of varying backgrounds:
-Different races
-Either male or female
-One person not affiliated with the association.

Question 13

What are the 3 risk levels IRB’s investigate and assign?

Answer 13

Exempt research - basic, lowest threat, normal educational activities. (HINT: It is called exempt because once it is approved it is exempt from continuous review)

Expedited research - somewhat higher risk, but still low risk. Must be udertaken by one member of the IRB or by a separate committee under the IRB’s jurisdiction.

Greater than minimial risk research - anything that does not qualify for the first two categories. (HINT: look at the name).

Question 14

What is this?
APA’sEthical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

Answer 14

It was first published in 1953 and includes about 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students are expected to follow.

Question 15

What are standards 8.02-8.05 of the APA Ethics code about?

Answer 15

Informed Consent - obtaining and documenting people’s AGREEMENT to participate in a study, having INFORMED them of everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision.

Question 16

What is standard 8.09 about?

Answer 16

The ethical treatment of nonhuman animal subjects

Question 17

What is standard 8.08 about?

Answer 17

Debriefing

Question 18

What are standards 8.10-8.15 about?

Answer 18

Scholarly Integrity

Question 19

What are two predictors that will help someone disobey authority?

Answer 19

Education
Spirituality - a belief in a higher power and a sense of human connectedness

Question 20

Why is it important to know your responsibilities as a researcher?

Answer 20

“Lack of awareness or misunderstanding of an ethical standard is not itself a defense to a charge of unethical conduct.”

Question 21

Ultimately, you as the ___must take ____ for the ethics of the research you conduct.

Answer 21

Researcher
Responsibility

Question 22

When conducting research it is important to ____that some ____might apply only to____ participants.

Answer 22

remember
risks
some

Question 23

What are some ways to reduce or eliminate risks?

Answer 23

-Modify research design
-Shorten or simplify procedure
-Replace upsetting/offensive stimuli
-Use a pre-screening procedure to eliminate high-risk participants
-Keep signed consent forms
-Only collect relevant personal information
-Identify and minimize deception

Question 24

When is it acceptable to use deception?

Answer 24

According to the APA Ethics Code, deception is ethically acceptable only if there is no way to answer your research question without it.

Question 25

What is a handy thing to consider when using deception?

Answer 25

”. . .deception can be minimized by informing participants—orally, in writing, or both—that although you have accurately described the procedure, risks, and benefits, you will wait to reveal the research question until afterward. In essence, participants give their consent to be deceived or to have information withheld from them until later.”

Question 26

After reading APA standard 8.05, if informed consent is necessary, there are several things you should do:

Answer 26

Provide participants with as much info about study as possible.

Second, prepare a script or set of “talking points” to help you explain the study to your participants in simple everyday language. This should include a description of the procedure, the risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time.

Third, create an informed consent form that covers all the points in Standard 8.02a that participants can read and sign after you have described the study to them.

Your university, department, or course instructor may have a sample consent form that you can adapt for your own study. If not, an Internet search will turn up several samples. Remember that if appropriate, both the oral and written parts of the informed consent process should include the fact that you are keeping some information about the design or purpose of the study from them but that you will reveal it during debriefing.

Question 27

What should you do after you have your study prepared?

Answer 27

The next step is to get institutional approval for your research based on the specific policies and procedures at your institution or for your course. This will generally require writing a protocol that describes the purpose of the study, the research design and procedure, the risks and benefits, the steps taken to minimize risks, and the informed consent and debriefing procedures.

Your concern with ethics should not end when your study receives institutional approval. It now becomes important to stick to the protocol you submitted or to seek additional approval for anything other than a minor change.

Question 28

What is bone tissue?

Answer 28

Bone tissueis a type of connective tissue consisting mainly of a collagen matrix that is mineralized with calcium and phosphorus crystals. The combination of flexible collagen and hard mineral crystals makes bone tissue hard without making it brittle.

Question 29

What are the 2 types of osseus tissue?

Answer 29

Compact bone tissue (hard/cortical bone tissue)

Spongy bone tissue (cancellous/trabecular bone tissue)

Question 30

Anatomy of a bone

Answer 30

Periosteum
Compact bone
Bone marrow
Bone marrow cavity
Cancellous bone

Question 31

B0NEZ

Answer 31

Compact bone tissueforms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. Cortical bone tissue gives bone its smooth, dense, solid appearance. It accounts for about 80 percent of the total bone mass of the adult skeleton.Spongy bone tissuefills part or all of the interior of many bones. As its name suggests, spongy bone is porous like a sponge, containing an irregular network of spaces. This makes spongy bone much less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone has a greater surface area than cortical bone but makes up only 20 percent of bone mass.

Question 32

What is bone marrow?

Answer 32

Bone marrowis a soft connective tissue that is found inside a cavity, called the marrow cavity. There are two types of marrow in adults, yellow bone marrow, which consists mostly of fat, and red bone marrow. All marrow is red in newborns, but by adulthood, much of the red marrow has changed to yellow marrow. In adults, red marrow is found mainly in the femur, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvic bones. Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the process of hematopoiesis.

Question 33

What is Periosteum?

Answer 33

Periosteumis a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones. It provides a protective covering for cortical bone tissue. It is also the source of new bone cells.

Question 34

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

-Osteoblasts: single nucleated bone cells that make bone matrix. Make protein mixture made mainly of collagen. Mineralize the matrix.

-Osteocytes: Make osteoblasts. Communicate with other bone cells. Regulate formation and breakdown of bone tissue.

-Osteoclasts: Multinucleated bone cells that resorb and break down bone.
-Osteogenic cells: Undifferentiated stem cells. THE ONLY BONE CELLS THAT CAN DIVIDE. When they divide they turn into osteoblasts.

Question 35

Bone is a very ___ tissue

Answer 35

Active

Question 36

What is the unit of measurement for bones?

Answer 36

One osteon (or Haversian system).

Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that can measure several mm long and around 0.2 mm in diameter.

Question 37

The ___ of an osteon is called the cement line

Answer 37

boundary

Question 38

Osteons can be arranged into ___ bone or ___ bone

Answer 38

woven, lamellar

Question 39

How many types of bones are in the body?

Answer 39

6 types
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Sutural
Irregular

Question 40

How are the different bone types different from one another?

Answer 40

Long bones are characterized by a shaft that is much longer than it is wide and by a rounded head at each end of the shaft. Long bones are made mostly of compact bone, with lesser amounts of spongy bone and marrow. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones.

Short bones are roughly cube shaped and have only a thin layer of cortical bone surrounding a spongy bone interior. The bones of the wrists and ankles are short bones.

Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum (breast bone).

Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons, the connective tissues that bind muscles to bones. Sesamoid bones hold tendons farther away from joints so the angle of the tendons is increased, thus increasing the leverage of muscles. The patella (knee cap) is an example of a sesamoid bone.

Sutural bones are very small bones that are located between the major bones of the skull, within the joints (sutures) between the larger bones. They are not always present.

Irregular bones are those that do not fit into any of the above categories. They generally consist of thin layers of cortical bone surrounding a spongy bone interior. Their shapes are irregular and complicated. Examples of irregular bones include the vertebrae and the bones of the pelvis.

Question 41

What is ossification?

Answer 41

A process in which bone tuissue is created from cartilage.

Question 42

What are the steps in Ossification?

Answer 42

Cartilage “model” of bone forms; this model continues to grow as ossification takes place.

Ossification begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of bone.

Ossification then starts to occur at secondary ossification centers at the ends of bone.

The medullary cavity forms that will contain red bone marrow.

Areas of ossification meet at epiphyseal plates, and articular cartilage forms. Bone growth ends.

Question 43

Steroids can ____ __ the process of skeletal ___ making the person ____ than they would have been

Answer 43

speed up, maturity, shorter

Question 44

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 44

The process by which bone is constantly being resorbed and replaced by new bone.

Question 45

Bone remodeling is done by which type of bone cell?

Answer 45

Osteoclasts

Question 46

What are the functions of bone remodeling?

Answer 46

Bones remodeling serves several functions. It shapes the bones of the skeleton as a child grows, and it repairs tiny flaws in bone that result from everyday movements. Remodeling also makes bones thicker at points where muscles place the most stress on them. In addition, remodeling helps regulate mineral homeostasis because it either releases mineral from bones into the blood or absorbs mineral from the blood into bones.

Question 47

What is bone repair?

Answer 47

Self explanatory

Question 48

Know this about babies and bones

Answer 48

Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made almost entirely of cartilage. The relatively soft cartilage gradually turns into hard bone. This is called ossification. It begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of bone and later also occurs at secondary ossification centers in the ends of bone. The bone can no longer grow in length after the areas of ossification meet and fuse at the time of skeletal maturity.