Chapter 3

Question 1

〜という

Answer 1

Used to define something, or “called…”

Used for definition as well as giving names.

外人という言い方は好きでは好きじゃないです。
-> “I don’t like the expression called ‘gaijin’.”

Question 2

〜のは…だ

Answer 2

Verb　　Plain form　＋のは
い−adj．Plain form　＋のは
Noun　な　＋のは
な　　な　＋のは

Rearrange the basic grammatical structure of a sentence to give more prominence to the thing you want to emphasise/ say the most.
* Note that the initial は becomes a が．

私がの本に行くのは来月です。
-> ““When I go tot Japan is next month””

Question 3

〜として

Answer 3

〜as

Noun + として

Can be translated and understood as: “In the capacity of”; “in the position of”; “in the name of” and “being seen as”.

私は留学生として日本へ来ました。
-> I came to Japan as an exchange student.

私は趣味として野菜や果物を作っている。
-> I grown vegetables and fruit as a hobby.

Question 4

〜によって

Answer 4

~ with, ~ by means of, ~ by

Noun + によって
The Rest plain form + こと + によって

Is used the same way as で (tool use). Indicates the means method, cause, etc.
Is used mostly instead of で when these has to be explained clearly in a sentence. It is also used to indicate the agent in a passive sentence.

新しい技術によって、SFの世界が現実化している。
-> With new technologies, the world of Science Fiction is coming true.

この絵はピカソによって描かれた。
-> This picture was painted by Picasso.

Question 5

〜にとって

Answer 5

~ for, “from the position of…”

Noun + にとって

Used in sentences giving a judgement or assessment by adding the meaning of “seen from the position of”.

あなたにとって、人生で一番大切なことは何ですか。
-> For you, what in most important in life?

Question 6

つまり

Answer 6

(conjunction), in other words, summarized.