chapter 3

Question 1

cell wall

Answer 1

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.

Question 2

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 2

the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell. The motion transports nutrients, proteins, and organelles within cells.

Question 3

chloroplast

Answer 3

produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield.

Question 4

leucoplasts

Answer 4

a group of plastids that include many differentiated colorless organelles with very different functions (e.g., the amyloplasts), which act as a store for starch in non-green tissues such as roots, tubers, or seeds

Question 5

vacuole

Answer 5

vacuoles help maintain water balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.

Question 6

microfibirls

Answer 6

A plant cell wall is arranged in layers and contains cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. elasticity

Question 7

lignin

Answer 7

the material that the cellulose microfibrils are embedded in, contained in the cell walls. key structural material.

Question 8

primarywall

Answer 8

the cell wall still dividing and growing to allow the cell to divide and grow

Question 9

pit membrane

Answer 9

membrane between adjacent cell walls.

Question 10

protoplast

Answer 10

a cell without a cell wall. Used for studying membrane biology and DNA transformation as the wall might otherwise prevent the uptake of DNA

Question 11

plastids

Answer 11

any class of small organelle containing small pigment or food. example chloroplast.

Question 12

grana

Answer 12

Granum is a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts. It is composed of multiple flattened membranes forming a stacked arrangement of a cylindrical shape.

Question 13

proplastids

Answer 13

An immature plastid that is incapable of photosynthesis.

Question 14

microtubules

Answer 14

Microtubules, with intermediate filaments and microfilaments, are the components of the cell skeleton which determine the shape of a cell.

Question 15

hemicelluloses

Answer 15

a large group of polysaccharides found in the primary and secondary cell walls . limits the growth of the wall by thetehring it to adjacent microfi

Question 16

cutin

Answer 16

a waxy, water-repellent substance occurring in the cuticle of plants and consisting of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids.

Question 17

secondary wall

Answer 17

The secondary cell wall is a structure found in many plant cells, located between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane.

Question 18

pit-pair

Answer 18

A pit has a complimentary or opposing pit in the wall of the contiguous cell. The two pits form a structural and functional unit, a pit-pair.

Question 19

cytosol

Answer 19

the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended.

Question 20

thylakoids

Answer 20

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

Question 21

chromoplasts

Answer 21

Chloroplasts are chlorophyll-containing organelles in plant cells; they play a vital role for life on Earth since photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts.

Question 22

etioplasts

Answer 22

Etioplasts are photosynthetically inactive plastids that accumulate when light levels are too low for chloroplast maturation.Etioplasts are chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light. They are usually found in plants grown in the dark.

Question 23

cellulose

Answer 23

an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

Question 24

pectins

Answer 24

the structural “cement” that helps hold cell walls together. carbohydrate

Question 25

suberin

Answer 25

a physical barrier, preventing water loss from the tissues it surrounds as well as providing protection against pathogens. It also forms a significant component of the wound-healing process in plants;

Question 26

middle lamella

Answer 26

The middle lamella is a layer that cements together the primary cell walls of two adjoining plant cells

Question 27

cellulose synthase

Answer 27

Cellulose synthase is a large protein complex found in the plant plasma membrane that constructs cellulose strands and fibrils.

Question 28

tonoplast

Answer 28

The vacuole, found in the cytoplasm, prominent in the plant cells, is bound by a single membrane called tonoplast. Tonoplasts have special ion pumps and transporters that facilitate uphill transport of many ions and other materials, making their concentration higher in vacuole as compared to the cytoplasm.

Question 29

stroma

Answer 29

Stroma commonly refers to the fluid-filled inner space of chloroplasts surrounding thylakoids and grana

Question 30

golgi apparatus

Answer 30

a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.

Question 31

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 31

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism.

Question 32

glycoproteins

Answer 32

any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. Also called glycopeptide.

Question 33

waxes

Answer 33

Plant waxes are generally the waterproofing components found in an amorphous layer on the outer surface of the plants.

Question 34

plasmodesmata

Answer 34

Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment.

Question 35

pits

Answer 35

Pits are relatively thinner portions of the cell wall that adjacent cells can communicate or exchange fluid through.

Question 36

Describe three features of plant cells distinguish them from animal cells.

Answer 36

rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.