Chap 2 review

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Simplest Carbohydrate. simple sugars that include ribose glucose and fructose. consist of only one sugar molecule.

Question 2

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 2

the synthesis of a disaccharide from 2 monosaccharides. a molecule of water is removed during the process and a new bond is formed between the two monosaccarides

Question 3

phospholipids

Answer 3

major membrane lipids that create lipid bilayers.

Question 4

primary metabolites

Answer 4

molecules found in all plant cells and necessary for life examples include simple sugars, amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 5

terpenoids

Answer 5

occur in all plants.can be classified by number of isoprene units. examples include rubber, collected from latex.

Question 6

allelopathy

Answer 6

when plants produce toxic materials that inhibits germination of other seeds in the vicinity of the plant. Example- caffeine ,

Question 7

systemic acquired resistance

Answer 7

Develops in response to attacks by bacteria, fungi, or viruses. As a result, other portions of the plant are provided with long protection. Plant auto immune.

Question 8

disaccharides

Answer 8

a sugar formed by monosaccharides. sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

any chemical reaction where water is used to break bonds.

Question 10

cutin

Answer 10

cutin and suberin are unique lipids that are important to cell walls. They form a matrix in which waxes are imbedded that protect the loss of water from plant surfaces.

Question 11

secondary metabolites

Answer 11

secondary products that are not strictly necessary for plant survival. Includes toxins, antibiotics, alkaloids.

Question 12

phenolics

Answer 12

encompases large group that has -OH attatch. accumulates in all plant parts and functions of many are unknown.

Question 13

polysaccharides

Answer 13

a chain of monosaccharides. used as energy storage or structural support.

Question 14

starch

Answer 14

primary storage polysaccharide in plants. consists of chains of glucose molecules. storage of energy

Question 15

suberin

Answer 15

a major component in the walls of cork cells that form the outermost bark on woody stems and roots.

Question 16

lignin

Answer 16

deposited into the cell wall rather than the vacuole

Question 17

polymers

Answer 17

a substance of material consisting of macromolecules, which are composed of monomers.

Question 18

cellulose

Answer 18

principal component in the cell wall. half of all the organic carbon in the world is stored in cellulose. polymer.

Question 19

cuticle

Answer 19

the cuticle is characteristic of plant surfaces exposed to air, covering the outer walls of leaves and terms. composed of wax embedded by cutin, and covered in wax.

Question 20

alkaloids

Answer 20

plant products containing at least one nitrogen atom which may have impact on humans including morphine.

Question 21

phototoxicity

Answer 21

causes a negative reaction in humans when skin contact is made.

Question 22

Explain how glucose can take three different physical forms, yet contain exactly the
same atoms in the same order. What is the difference between the alpha and beta forms of
glucose? What is the difference between glucose and fructose?

Answer 22

The difference is in where the OH connects on the molecule. Glucose and fructose are both simple monosaccharide sugars.Glucose consists of an aldehyde group while fructose consists of a ketone functional group.

Question 23

What are the functions of sucrose, cellulose, starch, and pectins in plant cells?

Answer 23

Sucrose- regulates cellular metabolism and physiology. is a source of carbon skeletons and energy,
Cellulose- primary structural component for the mechanical strength of cell walls
starch- stores energy in dense form
pectins- cement cells together and regulate cellular expansion

Question 24

Describe the structure of cellulose. How does the structure of cellulose make it so well
suited for its function? Why can’t most animals digest cellulose?

Answer 24

Cellulose is a linear chain of glucose units linked by beta 1, 4 connections allowing it to form long straight chains. This strong unit is capable of keeping the cell walls stable and rigid. We do not have enzymes to break down cellulose, most animals don’t.

Question 25

Use figure 2-4 on p. 21 and information from lecture to explain the structural
difference between amylose and amylopectin. Why must starch be hydrolyzed before it
can be used as an energy source or transported between cells?

Answer 25

amylose is a uniform coil of unbranched alpha glucose monomers. Amylopectin is a branched alpha glucose monomer. Both of these are forms of starch. Starch is too large to pass through the membrane of a cell. it must be broken down into individual glucose molecules.