Chapter 3 Flashcards
What Republic became the dominant state in the Mediterranean
Roman
What was the name of the new elite group and what did they emerge to do
The nobility; they emerged to take lead in Rome’s political structure
Who were the some of the wealthiest and most powerful individuals in the Mediterranean world
The nobility
Archaic Rome had been governed by who before the Nobility
Relatively few individuals from a small group of families
What are other names for the nobility
The nobles or nobiles
Who was always an aristocracy of birth
The patriciate
what did certain leaders of the archaic period possess that made them important regardless of whether they held an office
Personal military followings
What was central
Officeholding
The new nobility rested on whos ability to win what
Rested on it’s members ability to win offices and gain priesthoods
What latin word designates and individual with an ancestor who had been chosen consul
The Latin word nobilis
In Rome, office’s in practice were only open to who
Only to those rich who maintained a respectable way of life- whose wealth derived primarily from landholding, and not from trade or from the practice of a sordid profession, such as auctioneer, scribe or trader
What did they have to provide in each generation
they had to provide new and successful seekers of offices
What happened to families that failed to provide new and successful seekers of offices
They would have to drop out of the governing elite
New men from families that had never held office did succeed in gaining what type of magistracies
Lower magistracies
The emphasis on offices would result in the gradual creation of what
The gradual creation of a hierarchy of positions
how would the hierarchy’s developed form be ranked
from lowest to highest it would be quaestor, tribune of the plebs, aedile, praetor, and consul
What became firmly established in the third century
The prohibition against holding the consulship more than once or twice
Some families gained the lower offices for generations without ever achieving what
Consulship
During the third and second centuries who took the leading role in the city
The senate
The censors began to enroll who and how long would they serve
They began to enroll primarily officeholders and the would serve for life
The senate came to be organized internally in the same hierarchial fashion as who
The magistracies
Who held the highest office and where would they lead
Former consuls held the highest office and they would lead in the senate
the senate came to be seen as a store of what
virtues, prestige, and experience
Members of Rome’s elite liked to think what was integral to their way of life
The pursuit of praise or fame and glory
The roman public virtues were primarily what
Military
What is the meaning of the Latin noun virtus
courage
What forms of elite activity were came to be seen as praiseworthy
Skills in public speaking or in the law
What could provide a cause for lasting enmity
Failure to recognize someone’s accomplishments to the degree he expected- to be disrespectful to his dignitas
Displays of what was first limited to officeholders
wealth, luxury, and military power
What was the chief arena in which members of the elite could exhibit their virtue and gain fame and glory
War
The chief celebration of victory was called what
The triumph
The triumph was an old ceremony where
in Rome
At first, the triumphal procession was primarly a rite intended to do what
purify an army returning from battle or to thank the gods for a victory
In the triumph, the victorious general or triumphator was accompanied by who
Senators and other officials
The figure of the triumphator wore what
a gold and purple costume of the old kings
why did the triumphator paint his face
to resemble the cult statue of Jupiter Best and greatest in the temple on the Capitoline hill, and he rode a four-horse chariot
What was the most important ceremony that any Roman in public life could hope to perform
The triumph
A list of what was put on prominent display in the city and it was put up to mark what
a list of triumph winners and it was put on to mark their accomplishments for all time
Who made the decision over whether or not a victory warranted a triumph
The senate and commander
why were conflicts common
Because a triumph was so prestigious
What latin word is related to the verb meaning to remind or to instrcut
monumenta
When beginning a campaign or preparing for battle, Roman commanders made what vows
made vows in which they promised new temples to favored deities should they prove successful
If Roman commanders won what was built
dozens of temples came to be built in prominent places. In addition to statues of the gods and altars for their worship
temples often housed what
statues of the victor and associated inscriptions
Advancement of a family’s claims to status came to involve what
remembering and celebrating the specific offices held by its members in earlier generations and their notable achievements in those capacities
Certain types of display were designed simply to encourage what
family members to imitate or outclass their ancestors
The Cornelii Scipiones used what to identify themselves as lineal descendants of a common ancestor within the larger gens Cornelia
congomen Scipio
Portrait masks of what offered another means of proclaiming the greatness of a family’s ancestors
portrait masks of wax, or imagines
Prominent Romans kept masks of who
those ancenstors who had held high offices or performed famous exploits in the atria or reception halls of their houses
Funerals provided an especially important occasion for such families to display what
the imagines of officeholders in their past, and to proclaim their versions of the family history
The first known gladiatorial games were staged during what
during the funeral of Decimus Junius Brutus in 264
The sons of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus would put on combats with how many pairs of gladiators
twenty two pairs of gladiators
what latin adjective means phoenician
punic
What was the most powerful of the cities that had emerged from the Phoenician colonization of the ninth through sixth centuries
Carthage
Carthage came to control, directly or indirectly a considerable territory where
North Africa
The city of Carthage and members of its elite also exploited what
subordinate communities of their territory’s original population
By the fourth century, The Carthaginians controlled what
an area almost equivalent to Latium and Campania combined
Carthage expanded its power and influence by
sea
The Carthaginians controlled the coasts of where and what did they establish
Sardinia, where they established colonies of their own and controlled mines in the interior
Carthage had contacts with cities in where
in Italy
The Carthaginians concluded treaties with what communites and why
they concluded treaties with some Italian communities as part of their struggles with the Sicilian Greeks and to protect their trades
In 264, war broke out between who and as a result of what
war broke out between the Romans and the Carthaginians as a result of a three way struggle between Carthage, Rome, and Syracuse over the strategic city of Messana
Messana controlled the straits between who
Italy and Sicily
Who was the weakest of the three cities during the punic war
Syracuse
Syracuse became an ally of who
Rome
In 262, a Roman army advanced into where and besieged who
A roman army advanced into Western Sicily and besieged the Greek city of Argigentum
The Greek city of Agrigentum fell to who
fell to the Romans and was brutally sacked, then a period of stalemate followed
Carthage possessed one of the most powerful war fleets where and depended on who to fill out its armies
In the Mediterranean, and depended upon mercenaries to fill out its armies
Rome had a large army but a small what
Fleet
How did Romans respond to challenge Carthage at sea
they responded by building warships
Was shipbuilding cheap?
No, it was complex and expensive
What was a specialist operation
Commanding fleeets
warships required large numbers of what
skilled oarsmen
The Romans copied who’s methods of construction and how did they begin
They copied the Carthaginian’s methods of construction and they began by building about one hundred large warships and over the course of the war
Who did sailors and oarsmen turn to and recruit
They turned to their allies and also recruited Roman citizens too poor to serve in the army
Since both sides couldn’t gain an advantage, what did both consuls decide to do
They decided to cross to North Africa with an army and a fleet to attack Carthage itself
who was Marcus Atilius Regulus and what happened to him
He was one of the consuls, he proved successful at first but was defeated and captured
Why did the Carthaginians allow Regulus to go to Rome and what did they make him promise to do
they allowed him to go in order to negotiate either a peace or an exchange of prisoners, making him promise to return if his efforts were to prove unsuccessful
What happened to Regulus since the senate refused to negotiate
Regulus returned to Carthage, where he died
how long did warfare continue on land and sea after the failed invasion of North Africa
it continued for fifteen years
Who is Hamilcar
The commander in Sicily
What did Carthiganians give Hamilcar authority of
they gave him authority to negotiate a peace treaty
What was the result of the peace treaty
Carthage agreed to leave Sicily and to pay Rome a large indemnity
At the end of the war, Carthage had insufficient funds to pay who
its mercenaries, who were owed for many years of service
What did the mercenary army do
they assembled in North Africa and mounted a revolt
Where did the revolt of the mercenary spread to
It spread to some of Carthage’s Libyan and Numidian allies
What led to the creation of Rome’s first permanent commitments outside Italy
Victory in the first punic war
What war preceded the first punic war and what did it mark
The war with Pyrrhus and it marked an important stage in how Rome waged war
What was the traditional pattern for consuls and praetors
to raise armies each spring and discharge them in the fall after the end of the campaigning season
Roman soldiers always returned home in time to do what
plant their crops and provide for themselves and their families in the following year
How did roman commanders supply their armies
by living off the land or by demanding the necessary funds and provisions from nearby allies and subjects
What did the Romans rely on when they first made use of such high value coins
they relied on ones produced at irregular intervals by Campanian mints
During what war did the Romans begin to mint their own coins
The Pyrrhic War
What did they use to mint their own coins
Greek weights and designs
The second punic war broke out where
Spain
The Carthaginians used what mercenaries to fight in their wars
Iberian mercenaries
what did they use to equip their soldiers and sailors and to build their ships
they used Iberian gold, silver, and other metals to pay and equip them and Iberian timber to build their ships
After the end of the first punic war, where did Carthage attempt to extend their power to and what did they plan to do
in the peninsula and to increase their access to its rich resources
What did Hamilcar Barca
he regularly conducted military operations and extended Carthaginian power in Spain until his death in 229.
Who was Hamilcar Barca succeeded by
his son in law Hasdrubal
who became the chief Carthaginian commander in Spain after Hasdrubal’s death
Hannibal Barca
The increase in Carthage’s power provided what
the occasion for a new clash with Rome
what happened after Hannibal besieged and captured Saguntum
Rome declared war
Romes fleet far outclassed who
Carthage’s fleet
Rome had control of where
the sea
a bronze tablet that hannibal later erected in the south of italy claimed what
that he had 12,000 African and 8,000 Iberian infantry, and no more than 6,000 cavalry, when he entered Italy
Hannibal and his forces successfully crossed where
the Alps into Italy
when hannibal crossed the Appenines and invaded Etruris who blocked him and what happened
Gauis blocked him, but Hannibal succeeded in ambushing and destroying his consul’s army at lake Trasimene
Who is Quintus Fabius Maxiumus
he was appointed dictator
what was Quintus strategy
to avoid battle with the Carthaginians unless there were conditions especially favorable for the Romans.
what did Quintus do instead because of his strategy
he harassed Hannibal’s army on the march, attacked detachments foraging for supplies, and looked for any opportunity to exploit some advantage
What was Quintus dubbed because of his strategy
the delayer
Was Fabius strategy popular
no, it was unpopular and got criticism.
what did the consuls of 216 do with fabius strategy
they didn’t follow it. Instead they marched against Hannibal with a combined army of Romans and allies that may have numbered as many as 80,000 soldiers
where did the consuls of 216 fight and what happened
they fought a battle at Cannae in Apulia in which one of the consuls lost his life, and only a small fraction of the army escaped. Afterwards, some of Rome’s allies began to change sides
The cities of Sabinum, Etruris and Umbria remained allies with who
Rome
What did the Samnites, Lucanians, and Brutti do
they either served as soldiers in Hannibal’s army, or provided supplies for it, or fought agasint the Romans on their own
Who won in the second punic war
Carthage won over Rome
What did Rome’s commanders do after the defeat
they reverted to avoiding battle with Hannibal’s army
What happened after Capua fell
the Roman commander then ordered the executions of the city’s leading citizens and sold much of the population into slavery
What did the Romans do to Tarentum
they recaptured Tarentum, sacked it, and enslaved its inhabitants
What did the cult of the Magna mater center on
self-castrated priests, ecstatic rites, and wild singing and dancing
Hannibal gained control of what after winning the battle of Cannae
he gained control of the 8,000 romans guarding the camp. He made them all prisoners and agreed to a deputation being sent home to discuss their ransom and release
Why didn’t the Romans act on Hannibal controlling their soldiers
They knew his desire was to gain funds in this wat and at the same time to reduce his opponents ardor for battle
Where did Rome open a second front
in spain
how long did Publuis and Gnaeus Scipi hold command at the front
from the opening year of the war until their deaths in battle in 211
What was Carthago Nova
one of the chief centers of Carthaginian power
Who was defeated by Scipio
Hasdrubal
As consul, Scipio had the task of preparing what
preparing for the invasion of North Africa
Whos army did Carthage lose to
Scipio’s army
who did the carthaginians summon back to Africa after their defeat
Hannibal
What name did Scipio add to his other names after his roman army defeated Carthage
Africanus (Scipio Africanus)
The terms of the treaty severely restricted who’s power
Carthage
What did the Carthaginians have to do because of the peace treaty
they had to surrender their fleet, were burdened with crippling indemnity payments, lost all their territory beyond the core around Carthage, and were prohibited from waging war outside this territory without Roman permission
The romans had to maintain armies in where
spain, sardinia, Sicily and Italy
Who did rome draft to fill the ranks
they drafted criminals and slaves
How many senators were killed at Cannae and what happened because they were kileld
eight senators were killed and men who had never held office were chosen to make up its numbers
Rome emerged from the war with a dominant position where
in central and western Mediterranean
After the second punic war, Roman power soon spread through where
much of the mediterranean world
After the second punic war, it became practice to elect how many praetors a year
four praetors a year, then six the next
what is the name of the procedure where the Romans had to resort to extending terms of some officials
Prorogation
Prorogues officials had a different legal status than who
than those actually in their year of office, and they had no authority in Rome itself
Who took lead in the conduct of wars and diplomacy, received ambassadors from other states and also took the primary responsibilty for assigning duties to officials
the senate
senators decided the tasks that would be divided among who
the new consuls and praetors
After the election, the new consuls cast lots to determine what
the assignment each would have
The members of each group could determine assignments by what
by mutual agreements before lots were cast, a process known as comparatio
