chapter 11 Greek Flashcards
How was Macedon split
Lower and Upper Macdeon
what are characterisitics of lower Macedon
fertile plains
horse breeding
heart of kingdom
homeland of the royal clan of the Argeadai
Supports large agricultural population
timber
What are characteristics of upper Macedon
rugged uplands
rich in minerals on mountains and forests
sheltered tribes who wouldn’t conform to lower Macedonian kings
What language did Macedionans speak
Greek
how did the Greek view Macedonians
as barbarians
what were most Macedonians
farmers or seminomadic pastoralists living in scattered villages
kings of macedonia favored what type of burial
tumulus burial over cremation
what was central to nobles
war and hunting
what would a young man have to do before being recognized as an adult
a young man had to spear a boar without a net and kill an an enemy
What was the central institution
monarchy
who made all grants of land, privilege, alliances and was very powerful
the king
who were autocrats
the king
who were the kings personal entourage that provide him with advisers and bodyguards and served as an elite calvary
macedonian nobles
the macedonian constitution was based on the support of who
aristocrats, advisors, executive agents and cavalry
anyone from what clan could become king and how
anyone from the Argeadea clan
Burial of predecessor and approval by warrior assembly
Charisma and leaderhsip skills
Murder of potential rivals
how was macedonia before philip
they were rich on resources but very unstable
Who did Macedonia support and during what invasion
Persia; Persian invasion of Greece
Persian rule protected Macedon from what
from attacks by its neighbours
Macedonia was able to extend their territory where
into upper Macedon and easrward
Macedion grain fed who and who was their timber essential to
it fed many athenian allies and their timber was essential to Athens
Why did the Athenians begin supporting enemies of Macedon
becuase they threatened Athenian interests
When philip came into power who had been killed and who killed them
his brother along with 4000 soldiers and most aristocracy by the Illyrians
Who is Alexander II
philip’s brother
What happened to philip after his brother was defeated
he was exiled as a hostage to Thebes
There were two pretenders to the throne and who were they supported by
Thrace and Athens
After ruler Perdiccas death who did Philip make king of Macedon
his nephew Amyntas
what did Amyntas seize and why
he seized the Greek cities on the coasts of Macedon and the gold mines of Mount Pangaeus to finance his campaign
What did each member of Philips army wear
a metal helmet and carried a small shield and short sword
What did the army consists of
archers, slingers and javelin men
what was the principal weapon of the army
the sarissa: an 18ft long pike that allowed men to strike without having to get too close to the enemy
How did philip lose his eye
in battle
What was the new title philip gave his foot soldiers
foot companions
Latin word for cavalry of aristocrats
hetairoi
Who did Philip replenish the royal companions with
Greeks and non Greeks
Where did the investment of all resources go towards
the army
Means of expansion
Victory in battle
Conquest of besieged cities
Diplomacy (marriage alliances, interference in political affairs of other states, bribes)
Areas of expansion
Norther tribes
Thessaly
Port cities
Central Greece
Athens
Who did philip supprt becaue a united thessaly poses danger
he support Laris against Pherae and its Theban allies
The alliance between Pherae and Phocis alarmed who and forced them to seek who’s aid
Larisa and Thebes and forced them to seek Philip’s aid
Philip suffered how many defeats before he crushed the Phocians at the battle of the Crocus field
2 defeats
Thebes tries to humiliate Phocis by having the Delphic Amphictyony severly fine them for what
for cultivating sacred land
Phocis seizes Delphi and uses Apollo’s treasures to recruit what
mercenaries
Where does Phocis subdue
much of central Greece
Who defeated Phocis
Macedonia
why did philip negotiate surrender terms with Phocis
to prevent Thebes from benefitting
Phocis cities were broken up into what
villages
who gained Phocis vote in the Delphic Amyphictyony
Philip
Where did Philip promise to restore but instead captured it
Amphipolis
who seized Pydna, Methone and Poltidaea, which eliminated all of Athens allies in the north Aegean
Philip
why did athens not respond to philip eliminating their allies
because of economic hardship from the Peloponnesian war and the defection of key allies from the second Athenian league
how is law passed
by assigning all fiscal surpluses to the Theoric Fund
The theoric fund funded what
public benefits such as building roads and religious festivals
what are the two ways the theoric fund encouraged a pacifist foreign policy
lessened the poor’s need for the pay they received by rowing in the fleet
Increased concern that surplus funds would be redirected to militart expenditures and people’s benefits reduced should war break out
what was improved when athenian revenue improved
new docks and fortifications
who tried to block Macedon by marching to Thermoplyae and was defeated
The Athenians
Athenian politican Philocrates negotiate peace with who in the summer of 346
Philip
Did peace between Athens and philip last long
no, it quickly collapsed
what are the terms philip forced on Athens
Athens abandon its claim to Amphipolis
Athens accept the exclusion from their Phocian and Thracian allies from the treaty
Agree that the city and the second Athenian league would become allies of Philip and his decendents
what happened after began undermining the peace treaty
philip declared war on Athens
Who did Athens join to frustrate philip’s siege of the Hellespontine city Perinthus
They joined Persia
who besieged Byzantium and also campaigned against the Scythians
philip
Who captured the black sea grain fleet and threatened Athens with starvation
Philip
Who did Philip face in the late summer of 338 at Chaeronea in Boeotia
Athens, Thebes and the Boeatian League
Who won between Athens and Greek during philip’s reign
Greek
Who was Macedons greatest rival
Thebans
Prisoners were only freed after
paying heavy ransom
the dead were escorted back to the city by who
Alexander and Antipater
What was thebes stripped off in the boeotian league
its traditional position of leadership
Who did Athenians make Athenian citizens and what did they establish in Philip’s honor
they made Alexander and Antipater citizens and established a cult in philip’s honor
Represantaives from where except Sparta met in Corinth to learn of Philip’s plans for Greece
from every major greek state
Philip wanted an alliance called what
the Corinthian league
Two goals of the league
to maintain a common peace in Greece
to avenge the Persian aggresion against the Greeks
Who did Philip claim as a threat
Persia
What was the name of the war between Greek and Persia
Panhellenic war
Who was appointed leader of the alliance and commander of the war agaisnt Persia
Philip
Who assasinated Philip
pausanias, a member of his own bodyguard
Who was Philips 7th wife
Cleopatra
Why did Pausanias kill Philip
becuase philip had ignored the abuse he suffered from Cleopatra’s uncle
Where did Philip’s assassination take place
at Philip’s daughters wedding
how old was alexander when his father philip died
20
Who tutored Alexander the Great
Aristotle
Who was Alexander obsessed with
Heracles and Achilles
who was confirmed in Philip’s former positions as archon of Thessaly and hegemon of the Corinthian league
Alexander
Who did Alex conclude the treaty of friendship with
a group of Gauls
Alex’s long absence in the north sparked what rumours
rumors of his death in Greece
What place was stormed and sacked and had their people sold into slavery
thebes
How did Alex win popularity
when he freed Macedonians from all personal obligations except for military service
who did Alex’s mother Olympias murder and why
she murdered Philip’s last wife Cleopatra and her daughter Europa to ensure there were no rivals to the throne
At Aegea 3 royal tombs were discovered
Tomb 1 = remians of adult male, young female, infant, looted in antiquity
tomb 2 = cremated remains of middle aged male, young female, grave good
tomb 3 = cremated remains of teenage boy (Alexander the Great), grave goods
Who was the first Greek to set foot in Asia
Protesilaus
Why did alex leave almost half his Macedonian trrops with Antipater
to control Greece and Macedon
Who was Alex’s second in command
Parmenion
Where did Alex invade in Spring 334
asia
How did Cleitus the Black save Alexander from death
he cut off the arm of a Persian noble who was about to kill Alex
Who won between the Persians and Alex
Alex
Alex ordered all but 2 thousand of the Greek mercenaries who fought for Persia to do what
to be slaughtered as traitors
how many shields/spoils did Alex dedicate to Athens and why
he dedicated 300 shield/spoils to Athens to call out the Spartans for not being part of the Corinthian league
What satrapies fell
Lydia, Caria and Lycia
when did Alex made his supremacy clear
after his victory at the Granicus
Cities had to make financial contributions to the Macedonians and what happened if they didnt
they were severely punished
Who did Alex entrust the civil administration of the area in Caria to
the queen Ada who ruled as a widow
who adopted alex as their son and heir
Queen Ada
what almost killed Alex and made him have to delay his invasion until summer of 333
a severe fever
why did Alex move south along the coast to Egypt
because he wanted to end Persian naval operations in the Aegean by depriving the Persian fleet of its base
why did darius III lead the persian empire’s main forces from Babylon
he was hoping to trap Alex in anatolia
why did Darius follow behind Alex
so that Alex’s communication with Anatolia and Macedonian bases would be cut off
Battle of Issus
Alex led a cavalry charge on the center of the Persian line, forcing Darius to abandon his army and flee
What happened with the royal treasure at Damascus
the treasure fell into Alex’s hands and ended his financial problems
What did Alex do after capturing Darius entire family
he refused Darius written offer of friendship and alliance in exchange for his family
What cities surrendered and what cities resisted
Syrian and Phoenician cities surrendered and Tyre and Gaza resisted
What did Alex do with the male and female population of Tyre
he slaughtered most of the male population and sold the women and children into slavery
Who surrendered without a fight
the last persian satra of Egypt
who never accepted Persian rule to begin with
the egyptians
How many months did Alex spend in egypt
6 months
what oracle did Alex go to
the oracle of Zeus-Ammon
who did Alex publically honor
the Apis bull, the living incarnationi of Ptah, chief god of Memphis and other Egyptian deities
how did the chief priest of the oracle greet Alex
he called him son of Amnon
when did the foundation of Alexandria occur
after his return from the oracle
what was founded as a Greek polis with citizenship limited to Greeks and Macedonians
Alexandria
Choice of site was influenced by what
strong homeric associations
Egyptians and Greeks exercised only civil authority in where, while military power remained in the hands of who
they exercised only civil authority in Alexandria while military power remained in the hands of Macedonian officers
How did the oracle heighten Alex’s personal identification
with his heroic ancestors Heracles and Achilles
What opened a rift between alex and the older Macedonians
Alex’s unshakeable belief in his connection to his divine father Ammon
Darius III offered what to Alex
marriage to his eldest daughter, cession of all territory west of the Euphrates river, and an enormous ransom for his family
What did Alex do with Darius offer
he refused it
Darius assembled an army and met Alex where
at Gaugamela in northeastern Iraq
Who forced Darius to flee the battle and seek refuge in eastern Iran during the battle of Gaugamela
Alex
Where did Alex capture
Babylon, Susa and Persepolis
What did Alex order in Babylon
he ordered the reconstruction of a temple the Persians destroyed a century ago
what was the spiritual empire of the persian empire where major rituals took place
Persepolis
whos the daughter of the powerful Sogdian noble Alex married
Roxane
What race is Roxanne
Iranian
How did the Greeks and Macedonians see proskynesis
They saw it as a recognition of divinity and an unwelcome reminder of past Persian arrogance
Why was Parmenion’s son Philotas killed
he failed to tell Alexander of an alleged plot to kill him
Who did Alex drunkenly murder and why
Cleitus the black because he had been criticizing Alex’s efforts to accomodate the Persians and his belittling the contribution of his officers and soldiers to his successes
Alex extensively recruited Iranian units to do what
to supplement his steadily dwindling supply of Macedonian and Greek troops
How many armies met at the Hydaspes River
Two armies
Porus had a strong defensive position and how many elephants
200
Who won at the battle of the hydaspes
Alex
what did alex do to Porus
he spared Porus, impressed by their nobility and restored his kingdom to Porus and added new territories to it
What was the first major incursion into India from the west in 2 centuries
Alex’s invasion
Greek and indian artistic traditions mingled to produce what
to produce Gandara art and to establish a stylistic vocabulary for expressing Buddhist traditions in human form
What did Alex’s political arrangements in India indicate
it indicated that he intended to maintain control of his Indian conquests after his return to the west
who governed the indus valley
3 macedonian satraps supported by strong detachments
what was Alex’s purpose for leading the army through Gedrosia
to establish supply deposits for his fleet
