chapter 3 Flashcards
socialisation
lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
personality
a person’s consistent patterns of acting, thinking, & feeling
harlow monkey study summary
infant monkeys were placed in isolation with either a wire “mother” monkey doll or a cloth mother. the monkeys with the cloth mother recovered with less psychological damage.
harlow monkey study outcomes
early bonding time with the mother is crucial for development. monkeys would recover if they were removed from isolation before 6 months of age.
piaget’s stages of development: sensorimotor
def: experiencing the world through senses, from birth to age 2
ex: babies in this stage lack object permanence (understanding objects still exist when they are out of view)
piaget’s stages of development: preoperational
def: language development begins, ages 2 - 7
ex: egocentric thinking (the inability to understand others experience the world differently) still present at this stage
piaget’s stages of development: concrete operational
def: logical thinking begins, ages 7 - 11
ex: children understand conservation of mass now
piaget’s stages of development: formal operational
def: logical thinking about abstract principles, concerned with the future, ages 11 - onward
freud’s elements of personality
ID: subconscious, focused on fulfilling basic needs
ego: balances id and superego
superego: subconscious, focused on maintaining moral values
kohlberg’s theory of moral development stages
preconventional: children act based on what they want to do or what will benefit them
ex. taking a cookie from the jar bc they are hungry
conventional: teens will make decisions based on their peer’s definition of right and wrong
ex. defending someone being bullied bc that’s what
your peers expect you to do
postconventional: people make decisions based on abstract ethical principles
ex. civil rights activists in the early 1900s going against
segregation even though society supports it
carol gilligan’s theory of gender and moral development
def: boys rely on formal rules to define right & wrong, girls use judge each situation with respect to their own personal relationships.
george herbert mead
the I, the self, the generalised other
mead: the self
def: the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
- the self develops over time with social experience
- seeking meaning leads to imagining others’ intentions,
which requires imagining the situation from their
perspective
mead: the looking glass self
how we perceive ourselves is directly influenced by how others perceive us
mead: the I
we become self-aware by taking the role of the other
mead: developing the self
- children take on the role of the other when they play games like house
- children take on the roles of many others at once by playing games like baseball, learn the generalised other
mead: the generalised other
def: a term used to refer to the widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves.
erik erikson’s stages of development pt 1
- infancy: trust/mistrust
ex. establishing that the world is a safe place - toddlerhood: autonomy/shame&doubt
ex. trying to get dressed on your own but then doubting
your abilities - preschool: initiative/guilt
ex. learning to engage their surroundings or feeling guilt
for not meeting the expectations of others - preadolesence: industriousness/inferiority
ex. either feeling proud or your achievements or inferior
erik erikson’s stages of development pt 2
- adolescence: identity/confusion
ex. developing your own identity or basing it around
your social groups - young adulthood: intimacy/isolation
ex. either maintaining close relationships or not - middle adulthood: generativity/stagnation
ex. trying to make a difference in the world - late adulthood: integrity/despair
ex. as you look back on life, you are either fulfilled or
saddened by your accomplishments
cultural capital
material objects, values, and knowledge acquired by members of the elite culture
agents of socialisation: the family
- how infants see the world depends on the level of nurture they receive at home
- how a family sees their own race & social class will contribute to their kid’s internalised identity later
agents of socialisation: the school
- hidden curriculum: school reinforces gender roles and societal norms
- school is first experience with bureaucracy
agents of socialisation: the peer group
peers affect short-term interests & behaviours, but parents affect long-term goals
individuals tend to view their peer group positively and put down other peer groups
peer group definition
social group where members have the same age, interests, and social position
