Chapter 3

Question 1

something that varies, must have at least two levels

Answer 1

variable

Question 2

something that does not vary in your study

Answer 2

only has one level

Question 3

theoretical definition of an abstract entity

Answer 3

conceptual variable

Question 4

allows a concept to be measured or manipulates with a tangible metric

Answer 4

operational definition

Question 5

variable whose levels are simply observed and recorded

Answer 5

measured variable

Question 6

variable research controls or influences

Answer 6

manipulated variable

Question 7

types of claims

Answer 7

frequency, association, causal

Question 8

describes a particular rate or degree of a single variable

Answer 8

frequency claim

Question 9

argues that one variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable

Answer 9

association

Question 10

argues that one variable is responsible for changes in another variable

Answer 10

causal claim

Question 11

types of validity

Answer 11

construct, external, internal, statistical

Question 12

how well a variable is measured or manipulated

Answer 12

construct validity

Question 13

how well can we generalize the results of this study to other people or contexts

Answer 13

external validity

Question 14

the extent a study’s statistical conclusions are precise, reasonable, and replicable

Answer 14

statistical validity

Question 15

a study’s ability to rule out alternative explanations for a casual relationship between two variables

Answer 15

internal

Question 16

the two variables must be associated

Answer 16

covariance