CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Constructs

A

An abstract concept (such as love, trust, or commitment) that relationship scientists strive to define, measure, and study

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2
Q

Operationalization

A

A key stage in the research process in which an abstract concept (a psychological construct) is translated into concrete terms so that predictions about that concept can be tested

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3
Q

Self-Report

A

A research participant’s own descriptions and evaluations of his or her experiences

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4
Q

Fixed-Response Scale

A

A survey tool that presents a predetermined set of questions, each with a predetermined set of answers from which to choose

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5
Q

Open-Ended Question

A

A question that does not have a specific set of response options, thereby allowing respondents to answer in their own words

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6
Q

Qualitative Research

A

An approach to data collection that relies primarily on open-ended questions and other loosely structured information rather than on fixed-response scales and questionnaires

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7
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which an operationalization adequately represents a particular psychological construct

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8
Q

Social Desirability Effect

A

A tendency for research participants to provide answers that they think will make them look good to the researchers

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9
Q

Observational Measure

A

An approach to data collection permitting direct access to relationship events, typically via video or audio recordings

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10
Q

Item-Overlap Problem

A

The exploration of the same idea by two different self-report tools, leading to inflated estimates of the correlations between the concepts they measure

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11
Q

Global Measure

A

A measurement tool for assessing relationship satisfaction that asks partners only about their evaluations of their relationships as a whole

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12
Q

Sentiment Override

A

The tendency for partners’ feelings about their relationship to overwhelm their perceptions of specific behaviours and aspects of their relationship

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13
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

The extent to which different observers agree that a specified behaviour has or has not occurred

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14
Q

Reactivity

A

A change in behaviour in response to knowing the behaviour is being observed

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15
Q

Indirect Measure

A

An approach to data collection in which respondents either do not know or cannot control the information they are providing

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16
Q

Reaction Time

A

The time it takes to recognize and respond to a stimulus when it is flashed briefly on a screen

17
Q

Implicit Attitude

A

The automatic tendency to associate a stimulus with positive or negative feelings

18
Q

Physiological Response

A

The body’s automatic physical reaction to stimuli and experiences

19
Q

Multiple-Method Approach

A

Operationalizing the constructs of interest in different ways, so the limitations of each measurement strategy may eventually cancel each other out, allowing the effects of greatest interest to emerge clearly

20
Q

Correlational Research

A

A research design that examines the naturally occurring associations among variables

Used for answering descriptive questions

21
Q

Causation

A

The capacity of one event or circumstance to directly product a change in another

22
Q

Cross-Sectional Data

A

In correlational research, data that have been collected at one time; they describe a cross-section, or a snapshot, of a single moment

23
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

A research design that collects measurements from the same participants on two or more occasions

Used for answering descriptive and predictive questions

24
Q

Diary Diary Approach

A

A longitudinal research design in which participants provide data every day at about the same time

25
Q

Experience Sampling

A

A longitudinal research design in which data from participants are collected throughout the day, thereby capturing thoughts, feelings, and behaviours close to when they occur

26
Q

Attrition Bias

A

In longitudinal research, a bias caused by participants dropping out, leading to a final sample that differs from the initial sample in important ways

27
Q

Experimental Research

A

A research design in which researchers manipulate one element of a phenomenon or situation to determine its effects on some outcome or predicted consequence

Used for examining questions of explanation and causation

28
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In experimental research, the effect or outcome the researchers want to understand

29
Q

Independent Variable

A

The element of an experiment the researcher manipulates, changing it “independently” of any other aspect of the situation to determine whether changes in this variable are associated with changes int he dependent variable

30
Q

Control

A

The holding constant of all aspects of the experimental situation that are not being manipulated

31
Q

Random Assignment

A

A way of guaranteeing that every research participant has an equal chance of being exposed to each version of the experimental manipulation

32
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which results obtained in an experimental setting generalize to different contexts

33
Q

Archival Research

A

A research design in which the researcher examines data that have already been gather by someone else, often for an unrelated purpose

34
Q

Content Analysis

A

The process of coding open-ended materials in order to identify and quantify important phenomena

35
Q

Sample

A

The people or couples in a study who provide data

36
Q

Representative Sample

A

A research sample consisting of people who are similar to the population to which the researchers would like to generalize

37
Q

Convenience Sample

A

A sample of research participants recruited solely because they are easy to find

38
Q

Omnibus Measure

A

A measure of psychological construct that includes questions capturing a wide range of phenomena, usually applied to self-reports and characteristic of some measures of relationship satisfaction