Chapter 3

Question 1

Define System 1

Answer 1

• automatic; the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

Question 2

Define System 2

Answer 2

• conscious; the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking

Question 3

Explain Controlled vs. Automatic Processing

Answer 3

• controlled; something that takes conscious effort; reflective, deliberate
• automatic; occurs unconsciously; impulsive, effortless

Question 4

Define Priming

Answer 4

• activating particular associations in memory

Question 5

Holland (2005)

Answer 5

• cleaning supplies in room- wrote more words to do with cleaning than room with no cleaning supplies

Question 6

Define Belief Perseverance

Answer 6

• the tendency to maintain one’s beliefs even in the face of evidence that contradicts them

Question 7

Define Misinformation Effect

Answer 7

• when our memory for past events is altered after exposure to misleading information

Question 8

Explain Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et. al 1998)

Answer 8

• a psychological test whose objective is to reveal unconscious attitudes, automatic preferences, and hidden biases by measuring the time that it takes an individual to classify concepts into two categories

Question 9

Define Hindsight Bias

Answer 9

• psychological phenomenon that causes people to overestimate their ability to predict events; Ex: I knew that was going to happen

Question 10

Define Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 10

• focus on how the past might have been, or the present could be different; Ex: should’ve, could’ve, would’ve

Question 11

Define Illusory Correlation

Answer 11

• the appearance of a relationship that in reality does not exist; an overestimation of the degree of relationship; correlation does not mean causation

Question 12

Define Illusion of Control

Answer 12

• tendency to overestimate how much control you have over the outcome of uncontrollable events

Question 13

Define Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 13

• the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Question 14

Define Confirmation Bias

Answer 14

• a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions; find reasons to support their biases and beliefs whether they are wrong or right

Question 15

Define Fundamental Attribution Error and give an example

Answer 15

• the tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing situational explanations; Ex: you’re late for work, you’re lazy, I’m late for work, I was stuck in traffic

Question 16

Define Heuristics and list 2 main types

Answer 16

• simplifying a problem
  1.) representative heuristics
  2.) availability heuristics

Question 17

Define Representative Heuristics

Answer 17

• the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a specific group if representing a typical member; categorical judgements about something based on how closely it matches the typical or average member of the category

Question 18

Define Availability Heuristic

Answer 18

• strategy for making judgements about likelihood of occurrence in which the individual bases such judgements on the information held in their memory about the particular type of event

Question 19

Define Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 19

• a belief that leads to its own fulfillment; people’s expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

Question 20

Define Behavioral Confirmation

Answer 20

• type of self-fulfilling prophecy in which people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations; how other person responds back to you