CHAPTER 3

Question 1

What is the central region of the neuron? and what is the synonym?

Answer 1

Cell body also known as the soma

NOTE this is the cell’s life support centre also referred to as the cell executive

Question 2

Define Neuron

Answer 2

nerve cell specialized for communication

AKA cell executive

Question 3

define dendrite

Answer 3

These branchlike extensions. They “LISTEN IN” on conversations from neurons and pass them to cell body

Question 4

Define Axon

Answer 4

Axons are the transmitters. They specialize in “SENDING MESSAGES” to other neurons. Axons “SPEAK”

Question 5

What are the actions of dendrites and axons compared to?

Answer 5

Dendrites = listen 
Axons = speak

Question 6

Define synaptic vesicles

Answer 6

Tiny sacs that contain neurotransmitters

Question 7

What is the sequence for an impulse?

Answer 7

dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal

Question 8

define Synapse

Answer 8

fluid-filled space between neurons through which neurotransmitters travel

Question 9

Define synaptic cleft

Answer 9

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released form the axon terminal

Question 10

What is the purpose of Glial cells?

Answer 10

they communicate with neurons, help control blood flow to the brain and developing embryo, memory and immune cells.

Question 11

What are the most abundant type of glial cells?

Answer 11

astrocytes

Question 12

what do glial cells produce?

Answer 12

myelin

Question 13

Define myelin sheath

Answer 13

glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal.

Question 14

What condition comes from the result of the deterioration of myelin sheath?

Answer 14

Multiple sclerosis

Question 15

When do neurons fire?

Answer 15

On impulse when it receives a chemical signals or messages from sense receptors

Question 16

What is the impulse called when neurons fire?

Answer 16

Action potential

Question 17

What is the mV for resting potential?

Answer 17

-60mV to -70 mV

Question 18

what is the threshold mV?

Answer 18

-55 mV

Question 19

Define resting potential, threshold, action potential

Answer 19

1) Resting potential: Electrical charge difference when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited.
2) Threshold: membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential.
3) Action potential: electrical impulse that travels down the axon, triggering the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 20

Explain the process of an action potential

Answer 20

so enough stimuli is needed first before an action potential can occur. when enough stimulation is there, the depolarization of channels occur allow the inside of the cell to have positive ions in order to release neurotransmitters at the axon terminals. at its peak, the repolarization where the positive ions rush back (outside of the cell) to maintain resting potential where the outside of the cell has more positive ions and inside has an excess of negative ions.

Question 21

What law do neurons follow?

Answer 21

All or none

Question 22

How can we describe the relationship between neurotransmitters and receptor sites?

Answer 22

Describe it like a “Lock and Key” relationship

Question 23

What blocks dopamine receptors?

Answer 23

Anti-psychotic drugs

Question 24

What drugs increase serotonin?

Answer 24

Anti-depressants

Question 25

What is the Absolute refractory period?

Answer 25

time during which another action potential can occur. this limits the maximal firing rate.

Question 26

What is re-uptake?

Answer 26

recycling of neurotransmitters

Question 27

define plasticity

Answer 27

ability of the nervous system to change

Question 28

Acetylcholine

Answer 28

muscle movement, learning and memory

Question 29

Which lack of neurotransmitters causes Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 29

Breakdown of neurons containing Acetylcholine

Question 30

Dopamine

Answer 30

Involved in learning, attention, movement and reinforcement.

Question 31

Which neurotransmitter makes you happy?

Answer 31

Dopamine (aka DOPE)

Question 32

Norepinephrine

Answer 32

Remember Snore

affects eating habits, arousal, and wakefulness.. Predominate when experiencing fear

Question 33

Which neurotransmitter is present when experiencing fear?

Answer 33

Norepinephrine

Question 34

Serotonin

Answer 34

Remember The Sorrow Tone of Her Sweet Voice tells you she’s Sad

plays role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression. Low levels of serotonin are linked to depression and increased levels linked to improve mood.

Question 35

Which neurotransmitter when found to be low in the body causes depression?

Answer 35

Serotonin

Question 36

GABA

Answer 36

learning, controls anxiety;

Question 37

To treat Parkinson’s disease, we administer drugs with high levels of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 37

Dopamine

Question 38

The activity of GABA is increased by which 2 factors?

Answer 38

1) consumption of alcohol

2) anti-anxiety medication (why? because GABA suppresses the overactive part of the brain linked to anxiety)

Question 39

Endorphins

Answer 39

relive pain, produce feelings of pleasure and well being

Question 40

Agonists

Answer 40

Similar to the transmitter to imitate it and its effects

Question 41

Antegonists and how do they work?

Answer 41

inhibits transmitters action

how do they work? attach themselves to the opioid receptor without activating them.

Question 42

What is an example of an Antegonists drug?

Answer 42

Naloxene