Chapter 3 Flashcards
chemical compound containing the element of carbon?
organic molecule
molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called?
hydrocarbons
What are the seven functional groups?
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
functional group? -OH
hydroxyl
functional group? C=O
Carbonyl
functional group? OH-C=O
Carboxyl
functional group? NH2
Amino
functional group? -S-H
Sulfhydryl
functional group? O=PO-O2
phosphate
functional group? CH3
Methyl
organic molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different arrangement of atoms are?
isomers
4 general classes of biological macromolecules:
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all examples of?
polymers
nucleic acids are polymers of?
nucleotides
proteins are polymers of?
amino acids
the chemical reaction of condensation is also known as a _______ reaction.
dehydration reaction
The process of releasing a water molecule for every bond formed is known as ….
dehydration reaction
the process of adding a water molecule between subunits is known as…
hydrolysis
loosley defined group of molecules that all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a molar ratio of 1:2:1
carbohydrates
the simplest of the carbohydrate sugars are?
monosaccharides
glyceraldehyde, ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose are all examples of what?
monosaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose, are all examples of?
disaccharides
longer sugar polymers that are made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reacitons are?
polysaccharides
transport forms of sugar made by linking two monosaccharides together
disaccharide
insoluable storage polysaccharides are?
starches
starch with the simplest structure is?
amylose
starches are for
plants
glycogen is for
animals
the structural material found in arthropods and fungi is?
chitin
80% of potato starch; also a more complicated form of amylose is?
amylopectin
organisms store energy in
starches
chain of sugar that serves as structural material for the cells
cellulose
has the most diverse group of biological macromolecules both chemically and functionally
proteins
enzyme catalysts, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage
different functions of proteins
structures of proteins
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
amino acids
a covalent bond that links two amino acids is….
a peptide bond
a protein that is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a
polypeptide
The primary structure of a protein is it’s amino acid sequence. True or False?
True
The primary structure can folde in to a pleated sheet, or turn into a helix. True or False?
True
a peptide coiled into a spiral is called an
alpha helix
a peptide aligned next to each other to form a planar structure is called a
beta sheet
types of peptide backbone in secondary structures?
alpha helix, beta sheet
final folded shape of a blobular protein is called
teritiary structure
the stability of a protein, once it has folded into its tertiary sharpe, is strongly incfluenced by how well…
it’s interior fits together
what structure forms from hydrogen bonds forming between nearby amino acids?
secondary
what structure is the final 3D shape of the protein?
tertiary
type of structure only found in proteins with multiple polypeptides
quaternary
two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, individual chains are referred to as subunits. The arrangement of subunits is….
quaternary structure
ATP is?
Adenosine triphosphate
if a protein’s environment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold completley. This is called?
denaturation
two main varieties of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Which nucleic acid encodes the genetic information to assemble proteins?
DNA
What forms a double helix, uses deoxyribose as the sugar and also uses thymine in its nitrogen base?
DNA
What usually is single stranded, uses ribose as the sugar and uses uracil in its base?
RNA
nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called?
nucleotides
a chain of 5 carbon surgars linked together by a phosphodiester bond with a nitrogen base protuding from each sugar is a?
nucleic acid
a helix composed of two chains is called a
double helix
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
loosely defined group of molecules with one main characteristic: insoluable in water
lipids
animal fat, olive oil, corn oil, coconut oil, beeswax, earwax are all examples of?
lipids
a fat molecule that contains three fatty acids is commonly called a
triglyceride
if all internal carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain are bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms, it is said to be…
saturated
a fatty acid that has double bonds between one or more pairs of successive carbon atoms is
unsaturated
fatty acids with one double bond are…
monounsaturated
fatty acids with more than one double bond are
polyunsaturated
These are among the most important molecules of the cell. They form the core of all biological membranes.
phospholipids
phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. True or False?
True
