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Biology 1406 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chemical compound containing the element of carbon?

A

organic molecule

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2
Q

molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called?

A

hydrocarbons

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3
Q

What are the seven functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

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4
Q

functional group? -OH

A

hydroxyl

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5
Q

functional group? C=O

A

Carbonyl

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6
Q

functional group? OH-C=O

A

Carboxyl

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7
Q

functional group? NH2

A

Amino

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8
Q

functional group? -S-H

A

Sulfhydryl

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9
Q

functional group? O=PO-O2

A

phosphate

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10
Q

functional group? CH3

A

Methyl

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11
Q

organic molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different arrangement of atoms are?

A

isomers

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12
Q

4 general classes of biological macromolecules:

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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13
Q

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all examples of?

A

polymers

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14
Q

nucleic acids are polymers of?

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

proteins are polymers of?

A

amino acids

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16
Q

the chemical reaction of condensation is also known as a _______ reaction.

A

dehydration reaction

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17
Q

The process of releasing a water molecule for every bond formed is known as ….

A

dehydration reaction

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18
Q

the process of adding a water molecule between subunits is known as…

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

loosley defined group of molecules that all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a molar ratio of 1:2:1

A

carbohydrates

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20
Q

the simplest of the carbohydrate sugars are?

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

glyceraldehyde, ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose are all examples of what?

A

monosaccharides

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22
Q

sucrose, maltose, lactose, are all examples of?

A

disaccharides

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23
Q

longer sugar polymers that are made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reacitons are?

A

polysaccharides

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24
Q

transport forms of sugar made by linking two monosaccharides together

A

disaccharide

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25
Q

insoluable storage polysaccharides are?

A

starches

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26
Q

starch with the simplest structure is?

A

amylose

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27
Q

starches are for

A

plants

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28
Q

glycogen is for

A

animals

29
Q

the structural material found in arthropods and fungi is?

A

chitin

30
Q

80% of potato starch; also a more complicated form of amylose is?

A

amylopectin

31
Q

organisms store energy in

A

starches

32
Q

chain of sugar that serves as structural material for the cells

A

cellulose

33
Q

has the most diverse group of biological macromolecules both chemically and functionally

A

proteins

34
Q

enzyme catalysts, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage

A

different functions of proteins

35
Q

structures of proteins

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

36
Q

contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

amino acids

37
Q

a covalent bond that links two amino acids is….

A

a peptide bond

38
Q

a protein that is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a

A

polypeptide

39
Q

The primary structure of a protein is it’s amino acid sequence. True or False?

A

True

40
Q

The primary structure can folde in to a pleated sheet, or turn into a helix. True or False?

A

True

41
Q

a peptide coiled into a spiral is called an

A

alpha helix

42
Q

a peptide aligned next to each other to form a planar structure is called a

A

beta sheet

43
Q

types of peptide backbone in secondary structures?

A

alpha helix, beta sheet

44
Q

final folded shape of a blobular protein is called

A

teritiary structure

45
Q

the stability of a protein, once it has folded into its tertiary sharpe, is strongly incfluenced by how well…

A

it’s interior fits together

46
Q

what structure forms from hydrogen bonds forming between nearby amino acids?

A

secondary

47
Q

what structure is the final 3D shape of the protein?

A

tertiary

48
Q

type of structure only found in proteins with multiple polypeptides

A

quaternary

49
Q

two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, individual chains are referred to as subunits. The arrangement of subunits is….

A

quaternary structure

50
Q

ATP is?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

51
Q

if a protein’s environment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold completley. This is called?

A

denaturation

52
Q

two main varieties of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

53
Q

Which nucleic acid encodes the genetic information to assemble proteins?

A

DNA

54
Q

What forms a double helix, uses deoxyribose as the sugar and also uses thymine in its nitrogen base?

A

DNA

55
Q

What usually is single stranded, uses ribose as the sugar and uses uracil in its base?

A

RNA

56
Q

nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called?

A

nucleotides

57
Q

a chain of 5 carbon surgars linked together by a phosphodiester bond with a nitrogen base protuding from each sugar is a?

A

nucleic acid

58
Q

a helix composed of two chains is called a

A

double helix

59
Q

What is the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

60
Q

loosely defined group of molecules with one main characteristic: insoluable in water

A

lipids

61
Q

animal fat, olive oil, corn oil, coconut oil, beeswax, earwax are all examples of?

A

lipids

62
Q

a fat molecule that contains three fatty acids is commonly called a

A

triglyceride

63
Q

if all internal carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain are bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms, it is said to be…

A

saturated

64
Q

a fatty acid that has double bonds between one or more pairs of successive carbon atoms is

A

unsaturated

65
Q

fatty acids with one double bond are…

A

monounsaturated

66
Q

fatty acids with more than one double bond are

A

polyunsaturated

67
Q

These are among the most important molecules of the cell. They form the core of all biological membranes.

A

phospholipids

68
Q

phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. True or False?

A

True

Biology 1406 (3 decks)

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