Chapter 2 Flashcards
Any substance that has mass and occupies space?
matter
extremely small particles?
atoms
Proton charge?
positive +
Neutron charge?
neutral
Electron charge?
negative -
the amount of a substance is it’s…
mass
the force gravity exerts on a substance…
weight
atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons?
isotopes
atom having more protons than electons and is net positive
cation
atom having fewer protons than electrons and has a net negative charge
anion
definition of energy?
the ability to do work
loss of an electron is called?
oxidation
gain of an electron is called?
reduction
electrons in the outermost energy level are known as?
valence electrons
atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels is known as the _______ rule?
octet rule (8)
12 elements found in common living organisms?
C, H, O, N, P, S, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl
a group of atoms held together in a stable association by energy?
a molecule
ions held together by electrostatic forces…
ionic bonds
chemical bonds formed by atoms sharing electrons?
covalent bonds
covalent bonds form when?
two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
double bonds are stonger than single bonds. True or False?
True
a property where atoms differ in their affinity for electrons is called?
electronegativity
non polar means
equally shared electrons
polar means
unequal sharing of electrons
4 most common atoms
C, H, O, N
weak chemical attraction that disappears if atoms move even a little bit apart?
van der Waals force (attraction)
formation and breaking of chemical bonds are?
chemical reactions
chemical reactions occur by three important factors:
temperature, concentration of reactants/products, catalysts
cohesion of liquid water is responsible for its:
surface tension
adhesion is responsible for
meniscus
defined as the amount of energy required to change 1g of a stubstance from a liquid to a gas:
heat of vaporization
water loving
hydrophilic
water fearing
hydrophobic
The weight of a substance in grams that corresponds to the atomic mass of all the atoms in a molecule is called?
a mole
any substance that dissociates in water to increase [H+] and lower pH is?
an acid
any substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water and lowers the [H+] (increasing pH) is?
a base
any substance that resists change in pH
a buffer
The number of protons and neutrons in an element makes up the…
atomic mass
The mass number of each element is found UNDER the symbol and equates to the sum of protons and neutrons in the element. True or False?
True
Any atom with a charge is known as an:
ion
non polar means equal sharing. True or False?
True
Anytime O2 bonds with anything other than itself it is a POLAR bond. True or False?
True
Hydrocarbons are always nonpolar bonds. True or False
True
Adhesion, Cohesion, high surface tension, heat of vaporization, 3 phases of matter (liquid, gas, solid), Polar, universal solvent, these are all known as the properties of what?
Water
Water is a solute. True or False?
False. Water is a solvent
sugar is a solvent. T or F?
False. Sugar is a solute
What is the acronym for potential of hydrogen?
pH
