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Biology 101 > Chapter 2a, 2b, flipped activity quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 2a, 2b, flipped activity quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

96% of the human body is composed of…

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, & Oxygen

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2
Q

Proton:

A

Small particle with positive charge

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3
Q

Electron:

A

Smaller particle with negative charge

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4
Q

Isotope:

A

Different forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

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5
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

Elements that decay over time; unstable

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6
Q

The atom is the ____ unit of an element

A

Smallest

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7
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Two atoms share electrons to fill outer shell

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8
Q

Ionic bond:

A

Two atoms join by the completion of valance shell

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9
Q

Ions:

A

Atom or molecule that carries charge

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10
Q

Cation:

A

Positive charge

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11
Q

Anion:

A

Negative charge

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12
Q

Water is considered the “_____”

A

Universal solvent

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13
Q

Solution formula:

A

Solute dissolved into solvent

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14
Q

Substances are ____ reactive in water

A

More

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15
Q

Water is ______ and has _______ stoichiometry

A

polar; bent

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16
Q

Cohesion:

A

Ability of molecules to bond with the same type of molecule

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17
Q

Adhesion:

A

Ability of molecules to bond with other types of molecules

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18
Q

Water is ________ as a liquid than solid

A

denser

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19
Q

Water can absorb ______ amounts of energy

A

large

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20
Q

Specific heat:

A

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1g of substance by 1C

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21
Q

Specific heat of water

A

4.18 joules

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22
Q

Heat of vaporization:

A

Energy required to change 1g of substance from a liquid to gas

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23
Q

Water dissociates into…

A

hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-)

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24
Q

Acids:

A

substances that give up protons during chemical reactions and raise hydronium ion concentration (H3O+)

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25
Q

Adding _____ increases proton concentration

A

acid

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26
Q

Bases:

A

Substances that acquire protons during chemical reactions and lower H3O+

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27
Q

Bases ________ proton concentration

A

decrease

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28
Q

pH of pure water is

A

7

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29
Q

What is the pH inequality

A

acids < 7 < bases

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30
Q

Ether bond

A

2 hydroxyl groups

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31
Q

Amide

A

amino + carboxyl

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32
Q

Ester

A

carboxyl + hydroxyl

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33
Q

Phosphoester

A

phosphate + hydroxyl

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34
Q

Phosphoanhydride

A

2 phosphates

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35
Q

Mixed acid anhydride

A

carboxyl + phosphate

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36
Q

Acid anhydride

A

2 carboxyl groups

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37
Q

Two components of chemical reactions:

A

reactants + products

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38
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work or supply heat

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39
Q

What two ways is energy stored?

A

Kinetic or Potential

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40
Q

Potential energy:

A

stored potential to do work (shared electrons)

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41
Q

Kinetic energy:

A

Active energy of movement

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42
Q

Organic compounds:

A

molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements

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43
Q

Carbon provides the “______” of the molecule

A

skeleton

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44
Q

Chemical behavior is dictated by what?

A

functional groups

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45
Q

4 major building blocks of cells

A

monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, & nucleotides

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46
Q

Macromolecules are made by…

A

linking of building blocks

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47
Q

Monomers _______ to form ________

A

polymerize; polymers

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48
Q

BB: monosaccharides –>

A

MM: polysaccharides

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49
Q

BB: fatty acids –>

A

MM: fat & membrane lipids

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50
Q

BB: amino acids –>

A

MM: proteins

51
Q

BB: nucleotides –>

A

MM: nucleic acids

52
Q

This functional groups acts as a base

A

Amino

53
Q

This functional group acts as an acid

A

carboxyl

54
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living organisms

55
Q

What are the 5 fundamental characteristics of life?

A

Cells, replication, information, energy, and evolution

56
Q

Cell theory:

A

what are organisms made of?

57
Q

Theory of evolution by natural selection

A

where?

58
Q

The chromosome theory of inheritance

A

How is information passed

59
Q

What is a theory in science?

A

A finding with enough reasoning to support

60
Q

Who were the German biologists?

A

Hooke & Van Leeuwenhoek

61
Q

What did Hooke see?

A

Cell structure

62
Q

What did Van Leeuwenhoek see?

A

Bacteria

63
Q

What are cells?

A

Highly organized compartments that are closed by membrane

64
Q

Two main types of microscopes

A

Light (200nm +) & Electron (200 nm below)

65
Q

Two types of Electron microscopes

A

Scanning (surface & Transmission (interior)

66
Q

What is energy needed for?

A

Chemical reactions in cells

67
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change of a population over time

68
Q

Why is evolution necessary?

A

To adapt to environment for a better chance at survival

69
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

70
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotes

A

nucleus, DNA, plasma membrane, bigger, membrane bound organelles

71
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

DNA, plasma membrane

72
Q

Viruses are?

A

Not living

73
Q

What does all the work in a cell?

A

Proteins

74
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

75
Q

What makes amino acids hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar

76
Q

Monomer:

A

Amino acids get shrunken to make polymers

77
Q

What does the alpha carbon do?

A

Hold amino acids together

78
Q

What are the two forms of amino acids?

A

Ionized and Non-ionized

79
Q

What is the only difference between the amino acids?

A

R-group (side chain)

80
Q

3 types of R-groups

A

Charged, Uncharged polar, Non polar

81
Q

Charged side chains:

A

Acidic, basic ionizable groups, hydrophilic

82
Q

Uncharged polar side chains:

A

Contain polar covalent bonds, hydrophilic

83
Q

Non polar side chains

A

No polar covalent bonds, hydrophobic

84
Q

Sulfhydryl:

A

supports tertiary and quaternary structures

85
Q

When do amino acids polymerize?

A

An amide bond forms between the carboxyl group of two amino acids

86
Q

C-N bond is called

A

Peptide bond

87
Q

Not all ___ bonds are peptide bonds, but every _____ bond is an amide bond

A

amide, peptide

88
Q

Polypeptides have a carbon-nitrogen ____

A

backbone

89
Q

50 amino acids or less is a

A

oligo peptide

90
Q

structure = _______

A

function

91
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

92
Q

Protein folding can be “______”

A

infectious

93
Q

What are disease-causing proteins called?

A

prions

94
Q

Give an example of an infection from protein folding

A

mad cows disease

95
Q

Proteins are crucial to complete

A

catalysis, defense, movement, signaling, structure, and transport

96
Q

What is the most important function of proteins?

A

catalysis

97
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Bring substrates together in a precise orientation that makes the reaction more likely to occur

98
Q

Enzymes are _______ for each reaction

A

specific (think of nut and bolt)

99
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

a polymer of nucleotide monomers

100
Q

Three components of nucleic acids:

A

five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

101
Q

Monomers of RNA:

A

Ribonucleotides

102
Q

Monomers of DNA:

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

103
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine, uracil, thymine, guanine, and adenine

104
Q

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, uracil, and thymine

105
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

guanine and adenine

106
Q

AMP

A

adenosine monophosphated

107
Q

dAMP

A

depxyadenosine monophosphate

108
Q

UDP

A

Uridine diphosphate

109
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

110
Q

Base + sugar =

A

nucleoside

111
Q

Base + sugar + phosphate =

A

nucleotide

112
Q

Structural polarity

A

Structure of ends of strand (not charges!)

113
Q

Primary structure of DNA

A

sequence is read and written from 5’ to 3’

114
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

outside?

115
Q

The addition of phosphate in activated molecules does what?

A

raise potential energy

116
Q

Guanine pairs with?

A

cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)

117
Q

Adenine pairs with?

A

Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds)

118
Q

DNA is shaped as a…

A

double helix

119
Q

DNA strands are…

A

anti-parallel

120
Q

Genes:

A

segments of DNA that contain hereditary information

121
Q

Central Dogma describes…

A

The flow of information in cells

122
Q

Transcription of DNA

A

DNA being copied into RNA

123
Q

Translation of DNA

A

RNA being turned into proteins, creating physical traits

124
Q

What is the shape of a RNA molecule?

A

Hairpin loop

Biology 101 (3 decks)

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