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AP Biology > Chapter 29 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

The arrangement of leaves on a stem

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1
Q

Lithosphere

A

Stone plants that live almost entirely underground

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2
Q

Alternate/ spiral phyllotaxy

A

Stems have one leaf per node

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3
Q

Opposite phyllotaxy

A

Stems have two leaves per node

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4
Q

Whorled phyllotaxy

A

Stems have three or more leaves per node

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5
Q

Canopy

A

The leafy portions of all the plants in a community

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6
Q

Self-pruning

A

The process by which non productive leaves and or branches die and are shed

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7
Q

Apoplast

A

Anything exterior to a cell’s plasma membrane (e.g. cell walls, extra cellular spaces)

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8
Q

Symplast

A

The entire living mass of the cytosol and the plasmadesmata and the cytoplasmic channels that connect them

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9
Q

Apoplastic route

A

What’re and dilutes move along the continuum of cell walls and extra cellular spaces

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10
Q

Symplastic route

A

Water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol; only pass plasma membrane once, cross though plasmadesmata between cells

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11
Q

Transmembrane route

A

Water and solutes and passed from cell to cell though the plasma membrane and cell walls

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12
Q

Membrane potential

A

The voltage across the membrane as established by the pumping of H+ ions by proton pumps

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13
Q

Co transport

A

The use of the gradient of one solute to actively transport another solute.

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14
Q

Water potential

A

A quality that includes the effects of solute concentration and physical pressure

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15
Q

Mega pascal (MPa)

A

The unit of measure used to measure water potential

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16
Q

Solute potential

A

The effects the solutes in the water have in water potential; always expressed as a negative number (or 0)

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17
Q

Pressure potential

A

The physical pressure on a solution

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18
Q

Protoplast

A

The living part of a cell, including plasma membrane

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19
Q

Turgid pressure

A

Internal pressure that maintains the stiffness of cells and drives elongation

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20
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp; lacking turgid pressure

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21
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The process by which a flaccid cell shrinks away from cell wall

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22
Q

Turgor

A

Very firm

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23
Q

Bulk flow

A

The movement of liquid is response to a pressure gradient

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24
Q

Aquaporins

A

Transport proteins in the cell membrane that allow the passage if water

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25
Q

Essential element

A

An element that is necessary for a plant to complete its life cycle

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26
Q

Hydroponic culture

A

A culture where plants are grown in mineral solutions in stead of water in order to identify essential elements

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27
Q

Macronutrients

A 
Elements that the plant requires in large amounts: 
Carbon 
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus 
Sulfur 
Potassium
Calcium 
Magnesium
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28
Q

Micronutrients

A 
Essential elements required in small amounts:
Chlorine
Iron
Manganese
Boron 
Zinc
Copper
Nickel
Molybdenum
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29
Q

Co factors

A

Non protein helpers in enzymic reactions

30
Q

Humus

A

Dead organism remains and other organic matter commonly found is soil

31
Q

Fertilization

A

The addition of mineral nutrients to the soil

32
Q

Loams

A

The most fertile topsoil, composed of roughly equal sand, silt, and clay

33
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions

34
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

35
Q

Leaching

A

The passage of water through the soil

36
Q

Cation exchange

A

The process that displaces cations from soil particles by other cations

37
Q

Rhizobacteria

A

Soil bacteria, root bacteria

38
Q

Rhizosphere

A

The soil layer surrounding a plant’s roots

39
Q

Plant-growth-promoting bacteria

A

Bacteria that enhances plant growth by producing chemicals that stimulate growth, as well as producing antibiotics, absorbing toxic minerals, and making nutrients more available

40
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

The transformations that nitrogen goes through in nature

41
Q

Ammonifying bacteria

A

Decomposers that convert organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+) by ammonification

42
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Bacteria which turn gaseous nitrogen (N2) into NH3 which picks up H+ ions, turning into NH4+

43
Q

Nitrification

A

Two step process that oxidates NH4+ to nitrate (NO2-) and then oxidates nitrate to nitrate (NO3-), an absorbable form of nitrogen

44
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Mediate the steps of nitrification

45
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

The reduction of N2- to NH3

46
Q

Rhizobium

A

A genus of bacteria that form associations with roots of legumes and alters their structure to be able to preform nitrogen fixation

47
Q

Nitrogenase

A

The enzyme that drives the multistep process of N2 fixation

48
Q

Multistep nitrogen fixation equation

A

N2+8e-+8H++16ATP-> 2NH3+H2+16ADP+16(P)i

49
Q

Nodules

A

Swells along the legume root composed of cells “infected” with rhizobium

50
Q

Bacteroids

A

The form rhizobium take inside the nodules

51
Q

Ectomychorrhizae

A

A form of mychorrhizae that forms a dense sheath around the root surface and grows into extra cellular spaces

52
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

Mycorrhizae that respond to the presence of a root and grow towards it, establishing contact and growing along surface; penetrates cell walls by not plasma membrane

53
Q

Epiphyte

A

A plant that grows on another plant without tapping into the host plant’s resources

54
Q

Parasitic plants

A

Plants that grow on another plant and tap into the resources of the host plant

55
Q

Carnivorous plants

A

Photosynthetic plants that supplement their diet by capturing and digesting small animals and insects

56
Q

Casparian strip

A

A belt made of a substance impermeable to water and dissolved minerals found outside of the vascular cylinder, forcing xylem sap to pass through a cell into vascular cylinder

57
Q

Xylem sap

A

The water and dissolved minerals that enter the xylem

58
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapor from leaves and other parts of the plants

59
Q

Cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

States that transpiration provides a pull for the ascent of xylem sap, and the cohesion of water pulls the entire column of water upwards

60
Q

Cohesion

A

The attractive force between molecules of the same substance

61
Q

Adhesion

A

The attractive force between molecules of different substances

62
Q

Cavitation

A

The formation of water vapor pockets that break the chain of water

63
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Cycles of 24 hours

64
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Acid triggered in roots and leaves in instances if water deficiency, triggering guard cells to close

65
Q

Xerophytes

A

Plants adapted to dry conditions

66
Q

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

A

A form of photosynthesis that takes in CO2 at night when water loss is lowest and closes stomata during the day

67
Q

Translocation

A

The transportation of photosynthates from mature leaves to roots via the phloem

68
Q

Phloem sap

A

The solution of photosynthates that flows through the sieve tubes

69
Q

Sugar source

A

An organ, tissue, or cell that produces sugar by the breakdown of starch or by photosynthesis

70
Q

Sugar sink

A

An organ that is a consumer or depository of sugar

71
Q

Pressure flow

A

The building of pressure only to be released by the flow downward

72
Q

Self-thinning

A

A process where if the number if sinks outnumber the number of sources, sugar sinks (flower, bud) are aborted

73
Q

Chlorosis

A

yellowing of the leaves commonly associated with magnesium deficiency

AP Biology (10 decks)

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