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AP Biology > Chapter 28 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 28 vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that work together to preform a practical at function

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1
Q

Organ

A

Several types of tissue that combine to preform specific functions

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2
Q

Root system

A

System consisting of a plant’s roots

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3
Q

Shoot system

A

A system consisting of a plants stem and leaves

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4
Q

Root (functions)

A

An organ that works to anchor the plant, absorb minerals, and store carbohydrates

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5
Q

Taproot

A

A thick main root often found in tall plants

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6
Q

Lateral roots

A

Thinner roots that branch off the taproot

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7
Q

Fibrous root system

A

A root system found in shorter plants that consists of adventitious roots with lateral roots branching off. No main root.

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8
Q

Root hairs

A

Thin extensions of the epidermal cells in roots that increase surface area

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9
Q

Mycorrhizal associations

A

Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

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10
Q

Nodes

A

Locations where leaves connect to stems

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11
Q

Internodes

A

Spaces between nodes where laves don’t grow

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12
Q

Apical bud (terminal bud)

A

A bud located at the shoot tip that causes stem elongation of a young shoot

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13
Q

Axiliary bud

A

A bud located on the side of a stem that has the potential to form a new branch

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14
Q

Leaf

A

The main photo synthetic organ of a plant

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15
Q

Blade

A

The flattened part of a leaf

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16
Q

Petiole

A

The stalk of the leaf that joins it to the stem

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17
Q

Stem

A

The organ of the plant that consists of nodes and internodes

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18
Q

Veins

A

The vascular tissue of a leaf

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19
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Outer protective tissue layer

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20
Q

Epidermis

A

The dermal tissue in non woody plants

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21
Q

Cuticle

A

A waxy covering that helps prevent water loss in most leaves

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22
Q

Periderm

A

An additional layer of dermal tissue added on top of epidermis in older sections of woody plants

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23
Q

Vascular tissue system

A

The tissue system that transports materials throughout the cell and provides support

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24
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward from root to shoot

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25
Q

Ploem

A

The vascular tissue that transports photosynthates (e.g. Sugars) from sugar sources to sugar sinks

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26
Q

Stele

A

The term referring to to the collective vascular tissue of the shoot or root

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27
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Root stele of angiosperms

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28
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Shoot stele

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29
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

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30
Q

Ground tissue system

A

Composed of tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular

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31
Q

Pith

A

Ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

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32
Q

Cortex

A

Ground tissue external to vascular tissue

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33
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Plant cell that preform the majority of metabolic functions and can divide and differentiate

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34
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Cells with unevenly thickened call walls that offer flexible support for the cell

35
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

Rigid cells that are dead at functional maturity

36
Q

Lignin

A

A strengthening polymer found in sclerenchyma cells

37
Q

Sclereids

A

Sclerenchyma cells that are short and irregularly shaped with thick cell walls

38
Q

Fibers (cells)

A

Sclerenchyma cells that are long and thin and grouped in strands

39
Q

Tracheids

A

Long thin cells with tapered walls that transport water through pits

40
Q

Vessel elements

A

Water conducting cells that form end-to-end to form micro pipes called vessels

41
Q

Sieve tube elements

A

Sugar-conducting cells that are alive at functional maturity but lack a nucleus and other organelles in order for easier passage of sugars

42
Q

Sieve plates

A

The walls between drive tube elements that have pores allowing sugar to pass from one cell to another

43
Q

Companion cells

A

Cells adjacent to sieve tube elements that share their organelles with s.t. elements

44
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Process by which a plant continues to grow for its entire life

45
Q

Meristems

A

Undifferentiated tissues that divide when conditions permit

46
Q

Determinate growth

A

When an organism or part of an organism stops growing when it reaches a certain size

47
Q

Apical meristems

A

Meristems located at the tips of roots and shoots that allow for primary growth

48
Q

Primary growth

A

Growth in length

49
Q

Secondary growth

A

Growth in thickness

50
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Cause secondary growth

51
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Lateral meristem that adds layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

52
Q

Cork cambium

A

Lateral meristem that replaces epidermis with periderm

53
Q

Initials

A

Cells that divide from the meristem and stay in the meristem in order to divide again

54
Q

Derivatives

A

Cells divided by the meristem that leave the meristem and differentiate

55
Q

Vegetative growth

A

The production of leaves stems and roots

56
Q

Reproductive growth

A

The growth if flowers, fruits, and seeds

57
Q

Annuals (flower)

A

A flower that completes its life cycle in a year or less

58
Q

Biennials (flower)

A

A flower that completes its life cycle in 2 years

59
Q

Perennials (flower)

A

Require 3 or more years to complete life cycle

60
Q

Herbaceous plants

A

Non-woody plants

61
Q

Root cap

A

A cap that protects the root apical meristem as root pushes through soil

62
Q

The zone of cell division

A

Contains the meristem and it’s derivatives

63
Q

The zone of elongation

A

Causes most growth as root cells elongate and push root through soil

64
Q

The zone of differentiation

A

Cells become distinct cell types

65
Q

Extracellular diffusion

A

Diffusion of water and minerals from root hairs into the cell

66
Q

Endodermis

A

The innermost layer of the cortex that forms a selectively permiable barrier into the vascular cylinder

67
Q

Pericycle

A

The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder from which lateral growth occurs

68
Q

Leaf primordia

A

Horn-shaped projections adjacent to apical meristem from which leaves develop

69
Q

Apical dominance

A

A phenomenon that causes axillary buds to remain dormant in the presence of an active apical meristem

70
Q

Stomata

A

Pores in a leaf’s epidermis that allow for gas exchange and control water loss

71
Q

Guard cells

A

Two cells flanking the stomata that dictate opening and closing

72
Q

Mesophyll

A

The ground tissue of a leaf, composed mainly of parenchyma cells, that specializes in photosynthesis

73
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

One or more layers of elongated parenchyma; found on the upper side of mesophyll

74
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Found below the palisade; loosely arranged cells that air pis lets that allow gas exchange

75
Q

Vascular rays

A

Secondary xylem or phloem that are arranged perpendicularly to the axis of the stem or root. Connect xylem and phloem

76
Q

Growth ring

A

A visible ring in woody plants caused by the different growth patterns in spring versus summer

77
Q

Dendrochonology

A

The science of analyzing tree growth-use width of growth ring to determine climate at a given time

78
Q

Heartwood

A

Old layers of secondary xylem that no longer transport water and minerals (xylem sap)

79
Q

Sapwood

A

Newer, outer layers o secondary xylem that transport xylem sap

80
Q

Cork cells

A

Products of cork cambium that accumulate on the exterior of cork cambium

81
Q

Suberin

A

Waxy, hydrophobic material deposited by cork cells prior to death

82
Q

Bark

A

A botanical term that includes all tissue external to the vascular cambium, mainly composed of secondary phloem and periderm

83
Q

Lenticels

A

Raised area in periderm with less packed cork cells that allow for gas exchange in woody pants

84
Q

Monocots

A

Embryo has single cotyledon, usually fibrous root system, mainly grasses and majority of agricultural products

85
Q

Eudicots

A

Embryo has two cotyledons, taproot system, includes things like Apple trees sunflowers and maple trees

86
Q

Angiosperm

A

A flowering plant; two main types are monocots and eudicots

AP Biology (10 decks)

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