Chapter 28 vocab Flashcards
Tissue
A group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that work together to preform a practical at function
Organ
Several types of tissue that combine to preform specific functions
Root system
System consisting of a plant’s roots
Shoot system
A system consisting of a plants stem and leaves
Root (functions)
An organ that works to anchor the plant, absorb minerals, and store carbohydrates
Taproot
A thick main root often found in tall plants
Lateral roots
Thinner roots that branch off the taproot
Fibrous root system
A root system found in shorter plants that consists of adventitious roots with lateral roots branching off. No main root.
Root hairs
Thin extensions of the epidermal cells in roots that increase surface area
Mycorrhizal associations
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
Nodes
Locations where leaves connect to stems
Internodes
Spaces between nodes where laves don’t grow
Apical bud (terminal bud)
A bud located at the shoot tip that causes stem elongation of a young shoot
Axiliary bud
A bud located on the side of a stem that has the potential to form a new branch
Leaf
The main photo synthetic organ of a plant
Blade
The flattened part of a leaf
Petiole
The stalk of the leaf that joins it to the stem
Stem
The organ of the plant that consists of nodes and internodes
Veins
The vascular tissue of a leaf
Dermal tissue
Outer protective tissue layer
Epidermis
The dermal tissue in non woody plants
Cuticle
A waxy covering that helps prevent water loss in most leaves
Periderm
An additional layer of dermal tissue added on top of epidermis in older sections of woody plants
Vascular tissue system
The tissue system that transports materials throughout the cell and provides support
Xylem
Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward from root to shoot
Ploem
The vascular tissue that transports photosynthates (e.g. Sugars) from sugar sources to sugar sinks
Stele
The term referring to to the collective vascular tissue of the shoot or root
Vascular cylinder
Root stele of angiosperms
Vascular bundles
Shoot stele
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Ground tissue system
Composed of tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular
Pith
Ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
Cortex
Ground tissue external to vascular tissue
Parenchyma cells
Plant cell that preform the majority of metabolic functions and can divide and differentiate
Collenchyma cells
Cells with unevenly thickened call walls that offer flexible support for the cell
Sclerenchyma cells
Rigid cells that are dead at functional maturity
Lignin
A strengthening polymer found in sclerenchyma cells
Sclereids
Sclerenchyma cells that are short and irregularly shaped with thick cell walls
Fibers (cells)
Sclerenchyma cells that are long and thin and grouped in strands
Tracheids
Long thin cells with tapered walls that transport water through pits
Vessel elements
Water conducting cells that form end-to-end to form micro pipes called vessels
Sieve tube elements
Sugar-conducting cells that are alive at functional maturity but lack a nucleus and other organelles in order for easier passage of sugars
Sieve plates
The walls between drive tube elements that have pores allowing sugar to pass from one cell to another
Companion cells
Cells adjacent to sieve tube elements that share their organelles with s.t. elements
Indeterminate growth
Process by which a plant continues to grow for its entire life
Meristems
Undifferentiated tissues that divide when conditions permit
Determinate growth
When an organism or part of an organism stops growing when it reaches a certain size
Apical meristems
Meristems located at the tips of roots and shoots that allow for primary growth
Primary growth
Growth in length
Secondary growth
Growth in thickness
Lateral meristems
Cause secondary growth
Vascular cambium
Lateral meristem that adds layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Cork cambium
Lateral meristem that replaces epidermis with periderm
Initials
Cells that divide from the meristem and stay in the meristem in order to divide again
Derivatives
Cells divided by the meristem that leave the meristem and differentiate
Vegetative growth
The production of leaves stems and roots
Reproductive growth
The growth if flowers, fruits, and seeds
Annuals (flower)
A flower that completes its life cycle in a year or less
Biennials (flower)
A flower that completes its life cycle in 2 years
Perennials (flower)
Require 3 or more years to complete life cycle
Herbaceous plants
Non-woody plants
Root cap
A cap that protects the root apical meristem as root pushes through soil
The zone of cell division
Contains the meristem and it’s derivatives
The zone of elongation
Causes most growth as root cells elongate and push root through soil
The zone of differentiation
Cells become distinct cell types
Extracellular diffusion
Diffusion of water and minerals from root hairs into the cell
Endodermis
The innermost layer of the cortex that forms a selectively permiable barrier into the vascular cylinder
Pericycle
The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder from which lateral growth occurs
Leaf primordia
Horn-shaped projections adjacent to apical meristem from which leaves develop
Apical dominance
A phenomenon that causes axillary buds to remain dormant in the presence of an active apical meristem
Stomata
Pores in a leaf’s epidermis that allow for gas exchange and control water loss
Guard cells
Two cells flanking the stomata that dictate opening and closing
Mesophyll
The ground tissue of a leaf, composed mainly of parenchyma cells, that specializes in photosynthesis
Palisade mesophyll
One or more layers of elongated parenchyma; found on the upper side of mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Found below the palisade; loosely arranged cells that air pis lets that allow gas exchange
Vascular rays
Secondary xylem or phloem that are arranged perpendicularly to the axis of the stem or root. Connect xylem and phloem
Growth ring
A visible ring in woody plants caused by the different growth patterns in spring versus summer
Dendrochonology
The science of analyzing tree growth-use width of growth ring to determine climate at a given time
Heartwood
Old layers of secondary xylem that no longer transport water and minerals (xylem sap)
Sapwood
Newer, outer layers o secondary xylem that transport xylem sap
Cork cells
Products of cork cambium that accumulate on the exterior of cork cambium
Suberin
Waxy, hydrophobic material deposited by cork cells prior to death
Bark
A botanical term that includes all tissue external to the vascular cambium, mainly composed of secondary phloem and periderm
Lenticels
Raised area in periderm with less packed cork cells that allow for gas exchange in woody pants
Monocots
Embryo has single cotyledon, usually fibrous root system, mainly grasses and majority of agricultural products
Eudicots
Embryo has two cotyledons, taproot system, includes things like Apple trees sunflowers and maple trees
Angiosperm
A flowering plant; two main types are monocots and eudicots
