chapter 29 - Polymerisation

Question 1

What is condensation polymerisation and how is it formed

Answer 1

Condensation polymers are long chain molecules made from joining together many shorter molecules (monomers). These form long chains of molecules. Some smaller molecules are also formed (for example water).

Question 2

Addition polymerisation what is it and how are they formed

Answer 2

Addition polymers are long chain molecules made from joining together many shorter molecules (monomers) together to form a long chain molecule. With no other products produced.

Question 3

What are the types of monomers used in addition polymers

Answer 3

alkenes

molecules with C=C bonds

Question 4

What type of monomers are used in condensation polymers

Answer 4

Dicarboxylic acid with diols

Dicarboxylic acid with diamines

Amino acids

Question 5

What are some examples of addition polymers

Answer 5

poly(ethene)

PVC

poly(propene)

Question 6

What are some examples of condensation polymers

Answer 6

Polyesters (Terylene)

polyamides (nylon, Kevlar)

Question 7

Why are addition polymers nonbiodegradable

Answer 7

because they don’t have any polar bonds/the absence of polar bonds in the main chain (all bonds are carbon to carbon)

Question 8

Why are condensation polymers biodegradable

Answer 8

because they have the presence of polar C-N or
C-O in the main chain

have polar bonds. therefore susceptible to nucleophillic attack (eg with H2O).

Question 9

how is Terylene (PET) formed (polyester)

Answer 9

monomers:

benzene 1,4 di-carboxylic acid
ethane-1,2diol

Question 10

How to draw one repeating unit when you have two of the same monomer and two different monomers. (Condensation polymerisation)

Answer 10

two of the same monomer: only draw one monomer with its trailing bonds

Two different monomers: draw the condensation reaction occurring between two different monomers. And draw the trailing bonds on either end, include both monomers.

Question 11

How do you need to be careful when drawing a repeating unit for a condensation polymer

Answer 11

You need to make sure you include trailing bonds and only one water is removed

Question 12

How is nylon 6,6 formed (Polyamide)

Answer 12

monomers:

hexanedioic acid
1,6 di-amino hexane

when drawing out CH2. only add 4 for hexanedioic acid and add 6 for 1,6 diamino hexane

Question 13

How is Kevlar formed (polyamide)

Answer 13

monomers:

benzene-1,4-di-carboxylic acid

benzene-1,4-di-amine

Question 14

Advantages and disadvantages of disposing polymers by landfill

Answer 14

advantages: cheap and easy

Disadvantages: Plastic decomposes to methane, takes up space

Question 15

Disposing of polymers by burning Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 15

Advantages: heat can be used to generate electricity, gets rid of the polymers

Disadvantages: It’s can create toxic gases which have to be removed, carbon dioxide is released which is a greenhouse gas

Question 16

Advantages and disadvantages of disposing of polymers by recycling

Answer 16

advantages: It saves on new material as oil is nonrenewable, Produces a lot less carbon dioxide than burning

Disadvantages: Plastic can become contaminated, it’s cost a lot more money than landfill.

Question 17

uses of poly(ethene)

Answer 17

packaging film, trash and grocery bags, agricultural mulch, wire and cable insulation, squeeze bottles, toys, and housewares.

Question 18

uses of PVC

Answer 18

window frames, drainage pipe, water service pipe, medical devices, blood storage bags, cable and wire insulation, resilient flooring, roofing membranes, stationary, automotive interiors and seat coverings.

Question 19

uses of poly(propene)

Answer 19

processed into film, for packaging and into fibres for carpets and clothing. It is also used for injection moulded articles ranging from car bumpers to washing up bowls, and can be extruded into pipe.

Question 20

uses of terylene

Answer 20

Terylene fibre is used as polyester tricot knit as a fashion garments fabric. It is mainly used in making plastic bottles, sheets, ropes, nets and sails. It is also used to make hard wear clothes like dresses, toestry, raincoat, fleece jackets and dress material.

Question 21

uses of nylon

Answer 21

clothing

Question 22

uses of kevlar

Answer 22

It is used in vast applications such as aerospace engineering (such as the body of the aircraft), body armor, bulletproof vests, car brakes, and boats.

TYRES

Question 23

What is aspirin used to treat

Answer 23

Fever, swelling, muscle pain, blood clot.

Question 24

what’s analgesic

Answer 24

painkiller

Question 25

what’s anti-pyretic

Answer 25

reduces temperatures (fever)

Question 26

what’s anti-inflammatory

Answer 26

reduces swelling

Question 27

what’s anti coagulant

Answer 27

Prevents blood clotting by thinning the blood

Question 28

What are the risks of taking aspirin

Answer 28

Gastrointestinal bleeding as aspirin thins the blood

Question 29

What two monomers are needed to make aspirin

Answer 29

Ethanoic anhydride

2-hydroxy benzene carboxylic acid / 2-hydroxy benzoic acid

Question 30

What are the advantages of using ethanoic anhydride

Answer 30

• cheaper
• less dangerous
• safer to handle
• easier to store
• easier to control reactions

Question 31

why are acyl chlorides used on the small scale in labs?

Answer 31

as they react more quickly, use less energy and give higher yields.

Question 32

What is the structure of aspirin

Answer 32

benzoic acid remains. but O joins onto the benzene ring with C= and CH3

       O
      // CH3-C - O - benzoic acid 

other product is ethanoic acid

Question 33

what are the advantages of using ethanoyl chloride in a lab 

Answer 33

faster more vigorous reactions (therefore it requires a lower energy input)
don’t need to separate the products as HCl is a gas