chapter 29 - Polymerisation Flashcards
What is condensation polymerisation and how is it formed
Condensation polymers are long chain molecules made from joining together many shorter molecules (monomers). These form long chains of molecules. Some smaller molecules are also formed (for example water).
Addition polymerisation what is it and how are they formed
Addition polymers are long chain molecules made from joining together many shorter molecules (monomers) together to form a long chain molecule. With no other products produced.
What are the types of monomers used in addition polymers
alkenes
molecules with C=C bonds
What type of monomers are used in condensation polymers
Dicarboxylic acid with diols
Dicarboxylic acid with diamines
Amino acids
What are some examples of addition polymers
poly(ethene)
PVC
poly(propene)
What are some examples of condensation polymers
Polyesters (Terylene)
polyamides (nylon, Kevlar)
Why are addition polymers nonbiodegradable
because they don’t have any polar bonds/the absence of polar bonds in the main chain (all bonds are carbon to carbon)
Why are condensation polymers biodegradable
because they have the presence of polar C-N or
C-O in the main chain
have polar bonds. therefore susceptible to nucleophillic attack (eg with H2O).
how is Terylene (PET) formed (polyester)
monomers:
benzene 1,4 di-carboxylic acid
ethane-1,2diol
How to draw one repeating unit when you have two of the same monomer and two different monomers. (Condensation polymerisation)
two of the same monomer: only draw one monomer with its trailing bonds
Two different monomers: draw the condensation reaction occurring between two different monomers. And draw the trailing bonds on either end, include both monomers.
How do you need to be careful when drawing a repeating unit for a condensation polymer
You need to make sure you include trailing bonds and only one water is removed
How is nylon 6,6 formed (Polyamide)
monomers:
hexanedioic acid
1,6 di-amino hexane
when drawing out CH2. only add 4 for hexanedioic acid and add 6 for 1,6 diamino hexane
How is Kevlar formed (polyamide)
monomers:
benzene-1,4-di-carboxylic acid
benzene-1,4-di-amine
Advantages and disadvantages of disposing polymers by landfill
advantages: cheap and easy
Disadvantages: Plastic decomposes to methane, takes up space
Disposing of polymers by burning Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: heat can be used to generate electricity, gets rid of the polymers
Disadvantages: It’s can create toxic gases which have to be removed, carbon dioxide is released which is a greenhouse gas
Advantages and disadvantages of disposing of polymers by recycling
advantages: It saves on new material as oil is nonrenewable, Produces a lot less carbon dioxide than burning
Disadvantages: Plastic can become contaminated, it’s cost a lot more money than landfill.
uses of poly(ethene)
packaging film, trash and grocery bags, agricultural mulch, wire and cable insulation, squeeze bottles, toys, and housewares.
uses of PVC
window frames, drainage pipe, water service pipe, medical devices, blood storage bags, cable and wire insulation, resilient flooring, roofing membranes, stationary, automotive interiors and seat coverings.
uses of poly(propene)
processed into film, for packaging and into fibres for carpets and clothing. It is also used for injection moulded articles ranging from car bumpers to washing up bowls, and can be extruded into pipe.
uses of terylene
Terylene fibre is used as polyester tricot knit as a fashion garments fabric. It is mainly used in making plastic bottles, sheets, ropes, nets and sails. It is also used to make hard wear clothes like dresses, toestry, raincoat, fleece jackets and dress material.
uses of nylon
clothing
uses of kevlar
It is used in vast applications such as aerospace engineering (such as the body of the aircraft), body armor, bulletproof vests, car brakes, and boats.
TYRES
What is aspirin used to treat
Fever, swelling, muscle pain, blood clot.
what’s analgesic
painkiller
what’s anti-pyretic
reduces temperatures (fever)
what’s anti-inflammatory
reduces swelling
what’s anti coagulant
Prevents blood clotting by thinning the blood
What are the risks of taking aspirin
Gastrointestinal bleeding as aspirin thins the blood
What two monomers are needed to make aspirin
Ethanoic anhydride
2-hydroxy benzene carboxylic acid / 2-hydroxy benzoic acid
What are the advantages of using ethanoic anhydride
- cheaper
- less dangerous
- safer to handle
- easier to store
- easier to control reactions
why are acyl chlorides used on the small scale in labs?
as they react more quickly, use less energy and give higher yields.
What is the structure of aspirin
benzoic acid remains. but O joins onto the benzene ring with C= and CH3
O
// CH3-C - O - benzoic acid
other product is ethanoic acid
what are the advantages of using ethanoyl chloride in a lab 
faster more vigorous reactions (therefore it requires a lower energy input)
don’t need to separate the products as HCl is a gas
