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Year 2 OCR Chemistry A Level > Chapter 28.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 28.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The synthesis of a haloalkane from an alkene requires…

A

A hydrogen halide at room temperature.

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2
Q

The synthesis of a haloalkane from an alkane is an example of…

A

Radical substitution

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3
Q

The synthesis of an alkane from an alkene requires…

A

Hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst

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4
Q

The synthesis of a primary alcohol from an alkene requires…

A

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and steam

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5
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs when a primary alcohol is synthesised from an alkene? What type of process is this?

A

Hydration

Electrophilic addition

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6
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs when an alkene in synthesised from a primary alcohol?

A

Dehydration

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7
Q

The synthesis of an alkene from a primary alcohol requires…

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in reflux conditions

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8
Q

What products are made in the dehydration of a primary alcohol?

A

An Alkene and water

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9
Q

What happens when an alkene is hydrated?

A

It turns into a primary alcohol

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10
Q

What happens when an alkene is in the presence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and steam?

A

A primary alcohol is synthesised through the process of hydration, which is an example of electrophilic addition.

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11
Q

What happens when an alkene is in the presence of hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst?

A

An alkane is synthesised.

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12
Q

What happens when an alkene is in the presence of a hydrogen halide?

A

A haloalkane is synthesised.

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13
Q

What happens when a primary alcohol is in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

An alkene is synthesised in the process of dehydration.

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14
Q

What happens when a haloalkane is in the presence of sodium cyanide (NaCN)?

A

A nitrile is synthesised in the process of nucleophilic substitution.

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15
Q

How is a nitrile synthesised from a haloalkane?

A

By the haloalkane having sodium cyanide (NaCN) and ethanol added to it.

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16
Q

What type of reaction is the synthesis of a nitrile from a haloalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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17
Q

What is required for an amine to be synthesised from a nitrile?

A

The nitrile must be in the presence of hydrogen gas and nickel.

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18
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs in the synthesis of an amine from a nitrile?

A

Reduction

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19
Q

What happens when a nitrile is in the presence of hydrogen gas and nickel?

A

An amine is synthesised in a reduction reaction.

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20
Q

What type of reaction is the synthesis of an amine from a haloalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution.

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21
Q

What happens when a haloalkane is in the presence of ammonia (NH3) and ethanol?

A

An amine is synthesised.

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22
Q

What is required for an amine to be synthesised from a haloalkane?

A

The haloalkane must be in the presence of ammonia (NH3) and ethanol.

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23
Q

What happens when a haloalkane is in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

A primary alcohol is synthesised.

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24
Q

What is required for a primary alcohol to be synthesised from a haloalkane?

A

The haloalkane must be refluxed in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

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25
Q

What is the name of the process that takes place in the synthesis of a primary alcohol from a haloalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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26
Q

What is the name of the process that takes place in the synthesis of a haloalkane from a primary alcohol?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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27
Q

What is required for a haloalkane to be synthesised from a primary alcohol?

A

Thr primary alchohol must be refluxed in the presence of a sodium halide and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

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28
Q

What happens when a primary alcohol is in the presence of a sodium halide and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

A haloalkane is synthesised through reflux and the process of nucleophilic substitution.

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29
Q

What is required for the synthesis of an ester from a primary alcohol?

A

The primary alcohol must be refluxed in the presence of a carboxylic acid and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

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30
Q

What is the name of the process of an ester being synthesised from a primary alchol?

A

Esterification

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31
Q

What happens when a primary alcohol is in the presence of a carboxylic acid and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

An ester is synthesised through the process of esterification.

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32
Q

What happens when a primary alchol is distilled in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

An aldehyde is synthesised in the process of oxidation.

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33
Q

What is required for an aldehyde to be synthesised from a primary alcohol?

A

The primary alchol must be distilled in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

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34
Q

What is the name of the process by which an aldehyde can be synthesised from a primary alcohol?

A

Oxidation

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35
Q

What is required for a primary alcohol to be synthesised from an aldehyde?

A

The aldehyde must be in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and water.

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36
Q

What is the name of the reaction by which a primary alcohol is synthesised from an aldehyde?

A

Reduction

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37
Q

What happens when an aldehyde is in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and water?

A

A primary alcohol is synthesised.

38
Q

What happens when an aldehyde is in the presence of sodium cyanide (NaCN) and H+ ions?

A

A hydroxynitrile is synthesised.

39
Q

What is the name of the process in the synthesis of a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde?

A

Nucleophilic addition

40
Q

What is required for a hydroxynitrile to be synthesised from an aldehyde?

A

The aldehyde must be in the presence of sodium cyanide (NaCN) and H+ ions.

41
Q

What happens when a nitrile is in the presence of water and hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

A

A carboxylic acid is synthesised.

42
Q

What is the name of the reaction shown in the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from a nitrile?

A

Hydrolysis

43
Q

What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from a nitrile?

A

The nitrile must be heated in the presence of water and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

44
Q

What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from an aldehyde?

A

The aldehyde must be reluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

45
Q

What is the name of the reaction where a carboxylic acid is synthesised from an aldehyde?

A

Oxidation

46
Q

What happens when an aldehyde is reluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

A carboxylic acid is formed.

47
Q

What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from a primary alcohol?

A

The primary must be refluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

48
Q

What is the name of the reaction where a carboxylic acid is synthesisd from a primary alchol?

A

Oxidation

49
Q

What happens when a primary alcohol is reluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

A carboxylic acid is formed.

50
Q

What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of ammonia (NH3)?

A

A primary amide is synthesised.

51
Q

What is required for a primary amide to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?

A

The acyl chloride must be in the presence of ammonia (NH3).

52
Q

What is required for a secondary amide to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?

A

The acyl chloride must be in the presence of a primary amine.

53
Q

What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of a primary amine?

A

A secondary amide is syntheised.

54
Q

What is required for an acyl chloride to be synthesised from a carboxylic acid?

A

The carboxylic acid must be in the presence of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) (and in a fume cupboard).

55
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid is in the presence of thionyl chloride (SOCl2)?

A

An acyl chloride is synthesised.

56
Q

What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of water?

A

A carboxylic acid is synthesised.

57
Q

What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?

A

The carboxylic acid must be in the presence of water.

58
Q

What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of an alcohol?

A

An ester is synthesised.

59
Q

What is required for an ester to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?

A

The acyl chloride must be in the presence of an alcohol.

60
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs when a sodium salt of carboxylic acid and an alchol are synthesised from an ester?

A

Alkaline hydrolysis.

61
Q

What happens when an ester is alkaline hydrolysed in reflux conditions in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

A sodium salt of carboxylic acid and an alchol are synthesised.

62
Q

What is required for a sodium salt of carboxylic acid and an alchol to be synthesised from an ester?

A

The ester must be alkaline hydrolysed in relux conditions in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

63
Q

What is the name of the process by which an ester can be synthesised from a carboxylic acid?

A

Esterification

64
Q

What is the name of the process by which a carboxylic acid can be synthesised from an ester?

A

Hydrolysis

65
Q

What is required for the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from an ester?

A

The ester must be refluxed in the presence of a dilute acid.

66
Q

What happens when an ester is refluxed in the presence of a dilute acid?

A

A carboxylic acid is formed.

67
Q

What is required for the synthesis of an ester from a carboxylic acid?

A

The carboxylic acid must be refluxed in the presence of an alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

68
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid is refluxed in the presence of an alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

An ester is synthesised in the process of esterification.

69
Q

What happens when a benzene molecule is reacted in the presence of chloromethane (CH3Cl) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3)?

A

Methylbenzene is formed in process of alkylation.

70
Q

What is the name of the process through which methylbenzene is formed from benzene?

A

Alkylation

71
Q

What is required to form methylbenzene from benzene?

A

The benzene must be reacted in the presence of chloromethane (CH3Cl) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3).

72
Q

What happens when a benzene molecule is reacted in the presence of acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) and aluminium chloride?

A

Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is formed in acylation.

73
Q

What is the name of the process through which acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is synthesised from benzene?

A

Acylation

74
Q

What is required to synthesise acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) from a benzene molecule?

A

The benzene must be reacted in the presence of acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) and aluminium chloride.

75
Q

What is required to synthesise 1-phenolethanol from acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3)?

A

Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) must be in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4).

76
Q

What is the name of the process through which 1-phenolethanol is synthesised from acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3)?

A

Reduction

77
Q

What happens when acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is reacted in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4)?

A

1-phenolethanol is synthesised by reduction.

78
Q

What process is used in all syntheses of products involving benzene?

A

Electrophilic substitution

79
Q

What is the name of the the process through which chlorobenzene is synthesised from benzene?

A

Chlorination

80
Q

What is required to synthesise chlorobenzene from benzene?

A

The benzene molecule must be reacted in the presence of chlorine (Cl2) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3).

81
Q

What happens if benzene is reacted in the presence of chlorine (Cl2) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3)?

A

Chlorobenzene is formed by chlorination.

82
Q

What is the name of the the process through which bromobenzene is synthesised from benzene?

A

Bromination

83
Q

What is required to synthesise bromobenzene from benzene?

A

The benzene molecule must be reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2) and iron(III) bromide (FeBr3).

84
Q

What happens if benzene is reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2) and iron(III) bromide (FeBr3)?

A

Bromobenzene is formed by bromination.

85
Q

What is the name of the process through which nitrobenzene is synthesised from benzene?

A

Nitration

86
Q

What is required to synthesise nitrobenzene from benzene?

A

The benzene molecule must be reacted in the presence of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

87
Q

What happens if benzene is reacted in the presence of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

A

Nitrobenzene is synthesised by the process of nitration.

88
Q

What happens if nitrobenzene is reacted in the presence of tin (Sn) and hydrochloic acid (HCl)?

A

Phenylamine is synthesised by reduction.

89
Q

What is the name of the process through which phenylamine is synthesised from nitrobenzene?

A

Reduction

90
Q

What is required to synthesise phenylamine from nitrobenzene?

A

Nitrobenzene must be reacted in the presence of tin (Sn) and hydrochloic acid (HCl).

91
Q

What happens if phenylamine is reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2)?

A

2,4,6-tribromophenylamine is formed.

92
Q

What is required to synthesise 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine from phenylamine?

A

The phenylamine must be reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2).

Year 2 OCR Chemistry A Level (6 decks)

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