Chapter 28.3 Flashcards
The synthesis of a haloalkane from an alkene requires…
A hydrogen halide at room temperature.
The synthesis of a haloalkane from an alkane is an example of…
Radical substitution
The synthesis of an alkane from an alkene requires…
Hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst
The synthesis of a primary alcohol from an alkene requires…
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and steam
What is the name of the process that occurs when a primary alcohol is synthesised from an alkene? What type of process is this?
Hydration
Electrophilic addition
What is the name of the process that occurs when an alkene in synthesised from a primary alcohol?
Dehydration
The synthesis of an alkene from a primary alcohol requires…
Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in reflux conditions
What products are made in the dehydration of a primary alcohol?
An Alkene and water
What happens when an alkene is hydrated?
It turns into a primary alcohol
What happens when an alkene is in the presence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and steam?
A primary alcohol is synthesised through the process of hydration, which is an example of electrophilic addition.
What happens when an alkene is in the presence of hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst?
An alkane is synthesised.
What happens when an alkene is in the presence of a hydrogen halide?
A haloalkane is synthesised.
What happens when a primary alcohol is in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
An alkene is synthesised in the process of dehydration.
What happens when a haloalkane is in the presence of sodium cyanide (NaCN)?
A nitrile is synthesised in the process of nucleophilic substitution.
How is a nitrile synthesised from a haloalkane?
By the haloalkane having sodium cyanide (NaCN) and ethanol added to it.
What type of reaction is the synthesis of a nitrile from a haloalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What is required for an amine to be synthesised from a nitrile?
The nitrile must be in the presence of hydrogen gas and nickel.
What is the name of the process that occurs in the synthesis of an amine from a nitrile?
Reduction
What happens when a nitrile is in the presence of hydrogen gas and nickel?
An amine is synthesised in a reduction reaction.
What type of reaction is the synthesis of an amine from a haloalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution.
What happens when a haloalkane is in the presence of ammonia (NH3) and ethanol?
An amine is synthesised.
What is required for an amine to be synthesised from a haloalkane?
The haloalkane must be in the presence of ammonia (NH3) and ethanol.
What happens when a haloalkane is in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide?
A primary alcohol is synthesised.
What is required for a primary alcohol to be synthesised from a haloalkane?
The haloalkane must be refluxed in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What is the name of the process that takes place in the synthesis of a primary alcohol from a haloalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What is the name of the process that takes place in the synthesis of a haloalkane from a primary alcohol?
Nucleophilic substitution
What is required for a haloalkane to be synthesised from a primary alcohol?
Thr primary alchohol must be refluxed in the presence of a sodium halide and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What happens when a primary alcohol is in the presence of a sodium halide and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
A haloalkane is synthesised through reflux and the process of nucleophilic substitution.
What is required for the synthesis of an ester from a primary alcohol?
The primary alcohol must be refluxed in the presence of a carboxylic acid and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What is the name of the process of an ester being synthesised from a primary alchol?
Esterification
What happens when a primary alcohol is in the presence of a carboxylic acid and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
An ester is synthesised through the process of esterification.
What happens when a primary alchol is distilled in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
An aldehyde is synthesised in the process of oxidation.
What is required for an aldehyde to be synthesised from a primary alcohol?
The primary alchol must be distilled in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What is the name of the process by which an aldehyde can be synthesised from a primary alcohol?
Oxidation
What is required for a primary alcohol to be synthesised from an aldehyde?
The aldehyde must be in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and water.
What is the name of the reaction by which a primary alcohol is synthesised from an aldehyde?
Reduction
What happens when an aldehyde is in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and water?
A primary alcohol is synthesised.
What happens when an aldehyde is in the presence of sodium cyanide (NaCN) and H+ ions?
A hydroxynitrile is synthesised.
What is the name of the process in the synthesis of a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde?
Nucleophilic addition
What is required for a hydroxynitrile to be synthesised from an aldehyde?
The aldehyde must be in the presence of sodium cyanide (NaCN) and H+ ions.
What happens when a nitrile is in the presence of water and hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
A carboxylic acid is synthesised.
What is the name of the reaction shown in the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from a nitrile?
Hydrolysis
What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from a nitrile?
The nitrile must be heated in the presence of water and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from an aldehyde?
The aldehyde must be reluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What is the name of the reaction where a carboxylic acid is synthesised from an aldehyde?
Oxidation
What happens when an aldehyde is reluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
A carboxylic acid is formed.
What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from a primary alcohol?
The primary must be refluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What is the name of the reaction where a carboxylic acid is synthesisd from a primary alchol?
Oxidation
What happens when a primary alcohol is reluxed in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
A carboxylic acid is formed.
What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of ammonia (NH3)?
A primary amide is synthesised.
What is required for a primary amide to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?
The acyl chloride must be in the presence of ammonia (NH3).
What is required for a secondary amide to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?
The acyl chloride must be in the presence of a primary amine.
What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of a primary amine?
A secondary amide is syntheised.
What is required for an acyl chloride to be synthesised from a carboxylic acid?
The carboxylic acid must be in the presence of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) (and in a fume cupboard).
What happens when a carboxylic acid is in the presence of thionyl chloride (SOCl2)?
An acyl chloride is synthesised.
What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of water?
A carboxylic acid is synthesised.
What is required for a carboxylic acid to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?
The carboxylic acid must be in the presence of water.
What happens when an acyl chloride is in the presence of an alcohol?
An ester is synthesised.
What is required for an ester to be synthesised from an acyl chloride?
The acyl chloride must be in the presence of an alcohol.
What is the name of the process that occurs when a sodium salt of carboxylic acid and an alchol are synthesised from an ester?
Alkaline hydrolysis.
What happens when an ester is alkaline hydrolysed in reflux conditions in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide?
A sodium salt of carboxylic acid and an alchol are synthesised.
What is required for a sodium salt of carboxylic acid and an alchol to be synthesised from an ester?
The ester must be alkaline hydrolysed in relux conditions in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What is the name of the process by which an ester can be synthesised from a carboxylic acid?
Esterification
What is the name of the process by which a carboxylic acid can be synthesised from an ester?
Hydrolysis
What is required for the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from an ester?
The ester must be refluxed in the presence of a dilute acid.
What happens when an ester is refluxed in the presence of a dilute acid?
A carboxylic acid is formed.
What is required for the synthesis of an ester from a carboxylic acid?
The carboxylic acid must be refluxed in the presence of an alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What happens when a carboxylic acid is refluxed in the presence of an alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
An ester is synthesised in the process of esterification.
What happens when a benzene molecule is reacted in the presence of chloromethane (CH3Cl) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3)?
Methylbenzene is formed in process of alkylation.
What is the name of the process through which methylbenzene is formed from benzene?
Alkylation
What is required to form methylbenzene from benzene?
The benzene must be reacted in the presence of chloromethane (CH3Cl) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
What happens when a benzene molecule is reacted in the presence of acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) and aluminium chloride?
Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is formed in acylation.
What is the name of the process through which acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is synthesised from benzene?
Acylation
What is required to synthesise acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) from a benzene molecule?
The benzene must be reacted in the presence of acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) and aluminium chloride.
What is required to synthesise 1-phenolethanol from acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3)?
Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) must be in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4).
What is the name of the process through which 1-phenolethanol is synthesised from acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3)?
Reduction
What happens when acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is reacted in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4)?
1-phenolethanol is synthesised by reduction.
What process is used in all syntheses of products involving benzene?
Electrophilic substitution
What is the name of the the process through which chlorobenzene is synthesised from benzene?
Chlorination
What is required to synthesise chlorobenzene from benzene?
The benzene molecule must be reacted in the presence of chlorine (Cl2) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
What happens if benzene is reacted in the presence of chlorine (Cl2) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3)?
Chlorobenzene is formed by chlorination.
What is the name of the the process through which bromobenzene is synthesised from benzene?
Bromination
What is required to synthesise bromobenzene from benzene?
The benzene molecule must be reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2) and iron(III) bromide (FeBr3).
What happens if benzene is reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2) and iron(III) bromide (FeBr3)?
Bromobenzene is formed by bromination.
What is the name of the process through which nitrobenzene is synthesised from benzene?
Nitration
What is required to synthesise nitrobenzene from benzene?
The benzene molecule must be reacted in the presence of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
What happens if benzene is reacted in the presence of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?
Nitrobenzene is synthesised by the process of nitration.
What happens if nitrobenzene is reacted in the presence of tin (Sn) and hydrochloic acid (HCl)?
Phenylamine is synthesised by reduction.
What is the name of the process through which phenylamine is synthesised from nitrobenzene?
Reduction
What is required to synthesise phenylamine from nitrobenzene?
Nitrobenzene must be reacted in the presence of tin (Sn) and hydrochloic acid (HCl).
What happens if phenylamine is reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2)?
2,4,6-tribromophenylamine is formed.
What is required to synthesise 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine from phenylamine?
The phenylamine must be reacted in the presence of bromine (Br2).
