Chapter 27.3

Question 1

What is addition polymerisation?

Answer 1

when alkenes form polymers by breaking the double bond [?]

Question 2

What is condensation polymerisation?

Answer 2

the joining of monomers with loss of a small molecule - usually H2O - or hydrogen chloride.

Question 3

What type of polymers are polyesters and polyamides?

Answer 3

condensation polymers

Question 4

What is needed for condensation polymerisation to occur?

Answer 4

Two different functional groups

Question 5

Structure of polyester

Answer 5

monomers joined by ester linkages

Question 6

Process of polyester production

Answer 6

From one monomer containing both COOH and OH group or two monomers, one containing COOH and the other having two alcohol (hydroxyl, -OH) groups (a diol).

Question 7

How do we show the repeat unit on a displayed formula of a polymer?

Answer 7

with square brackets

Question 8

-COOH and -OH form what?

Answer 8

an ester linkage: [rest of it]-CO-O-[rest of it]

Question 9

What is a carboxyl group and what does this make the molecule?

Answer 9

-COOH, it is a carboxylic acid

Question 10

What is a hydroxyl group and what does this make the molecule? What about when there are two hydroxyl groups?

Answer 10

-OH, alcohol, diol

Question 11

What is terylene?

Answer 11

aka PET, a condensation polymer, polysester specifically (as it has ester linkages) that is used for many things such as plastic bottles.

Question 12

What is a common use of polyesters?

Answer 12

Electrical insulation

Question 13

How else can a polyester be made (not using a carboxylic acid)?

Answer 13

By using a diacyl chloride not dicarboxylic acid [?]. Hydrogen chloride is lost instead of H2O.

Question 14

What are polyamides?

Answer 14

Condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined by amide linkages.

Question 15

Process of polyamide production

Answer 15

Made from one monomer containing both COOH (or acyl chloride) and an amine group. Or from two monomers, one containing two COOH - dicarboxylic acid - (or acyl chloride) groups and the other containing two amine group - a diamine.

Question 16

What are amino acids?

Answer 16

Molecules containing both an amine group and a carboxylic acid group.

Question 17

How are polypeptides/ proteins formed?

Answer 17

amino acids undergoing condensation polymerisation, the forming amide linkages. Water is lost.

Question 18

What is the structure of an amide linkage?

Answer 18

-CO-NH- that is carbon and nitrogen atoms bonded together with an oxygen atom double bonded to the carbon and a hydrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

Question 19

What are polypeptides an example of?

Answer 19

Polyamides formed from one monomer with two functional groups by condensation polymerisation.

Question 20

What is nylon an example of?

Answer 20

A polyamide formed from two monomers each with two functional groups - a diamine and dicarboxylic acid.

Question 21

How does an amide linkage form?

Answer 21

-COOH and NH2- lose the one of the nitrogen’s H atoms and the OH of the COOH to get the amide linkage.

Question 22

How can condensation polymers be hydrolysed?

Answer 22

By using hot aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or by hot aqueous acid such as HCl. Aqueous because we are splitting the polymer with water.

Question 23

How can polyesters be hydrolysed?

Answer 23

The Na+ of the base or H+ of the acid join onto the left over COO- [?].

Question 24

How an polyamides be hydrolysed?

Answer 24

With bases, the Na+ joins the COO- and the nitrogen atoms get another H to go back to NH2-. With acids, the H+ joins the COO- so it goes back to normal COOH. The nitrogen atom gains two H+ ions so it becomes NH3+ and still attahed to a carbon atom.