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a & p II exam 4 > chapter 28: reproductive system > Flashcards

chapter 28: reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

sex cell or it’s anatomical name are haploid?

A

gametes

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2
Q

during meiosis I, homologous chromosomes undergo what process, where there form tetrads & exchange genes by crossing over?

A

synapsis

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3
Q

why are testicles in a scrotum outside of the abdomen?

A

sperm development requires a lower temp than normal body temp.

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4
Q

what is the condition in which the testes fail to descend through
the inguinal canal?

A

cryptorchidism

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5
Q

each lobe of a testicle contains between 1 & 4 what which contain the stem cells for sperm production?

A

seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

what interstitial cells of the testis produce?

A

androgens

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7
Q

meiosis I in the process of spermatogenesis produces two what?

A

secondary spermocytes

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8
Q

completion of meiosis produces four spermatids. How are these different from
spermatozoa?

A

round generic cells: must undergo spermatogenesis where chromosomes are compacted, excess cytosol & organelles are lost, and long flagellum is formed

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9
Q

the bag of enzymes on the front of a sperm is called the what?

A

acrosome

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10
Q

inhibin & androgen binding proteins are produced by what
cells?

A

sustentacular/ nurse

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11
Q

what is the function of Mullerian inhibiting factor?

A

prevent development of uterus & uterine tubes (for males)

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12
Q

where does sperm need approximately 20 days to mature?

A

epididymis

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13
Q

list the passageway of sperm from the seminiferous tubule to the external
urethra orifice?

A

seminiferous tubule -> rete testis -> efferent ductule -> epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ampulla -> ejactulatory duct -> prostatic urethra -> membranous urethra -> spony/penile urethra -> external urethral orifice

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the alkaline buffers in seminal fluid?

A

buffer acid in vagina to protect sperm

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15
Q

pre-ejaculatory fluid is mostly produced by which gland?

A

bulbourethral

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16
Q

what is the function of the enzymes in prostatic fluid?

A

digest cervical mucus to allow sperm entry into uterus & fibrinolysin to liquefy semen clot to release sperm in female reproductive tract

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17
Q

what are the paired columns of erectile tissue that function to stiffen the penis?

A

corpora cavernosa

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18
Q

what does parasympathetic innervation release to dilate arterioles in the erectile tissues?

A

nitric oxide (NO)

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19
Q

why can anabolic steroid use by men lead to infertility?

A

testosterone provides negative feedback on GnRH from hypothalamus = FSH not released from anterior pituitary, no FSH = no stimulation of spermiogenesis in seminiferous tubules by sustentacular cells

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20
Q

when a single layer of cells surrounds an oocyte they are called follicle cells, but once they are stratified they are called what cells?

A

granulosa

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21
Q

completion of meiosis I produces one secondary oocyte & one what body?

A

polar body

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22
Q

when are the primary oocytes in the primordial follicles created?

A

when the person with ovary had a fetus herself

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23
Q

what’s the layer of cells that surrounds the secondary oocyte & travel with it after ovulation?

A

corona radiata

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24
Q

the scar of a previous ovulated follicle that will be visible as the next ovarian cycle begins is called what?

A

corpus albicans

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25
Q

what are the finger-like extensions of the infundibulum that sweep the ovary surface for ovulated oocytes?

A

fimbriae

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26
Q

what is the layer of the uterine wall composed of smooth
muscle?

A

myometrium

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27
Q

during the proliferative phase, cells of what zone of the endometrium divide to grow new mucosa and glands?

A

basilar

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28
Q

what is the function of the glycogen secreted by endometrial glands?

A

feed a early embryo before it attaches to the blood supply

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29
Q

what is the function of the glycogen secreted by glands in the vagina?

A

feed lactic acids producing bacteria

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30
Q

what is the first menstrual cycle called?

A

menarche

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31
Q

what are the hairy skin folds of the lateral vulva that form the scrotum in the male?

A

labia majora

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32
Q

each lobule of the mammary gland empties the milk into what duct?

A

lactiferous

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33
Q

what is ovulation triggered by due to a sudden surge of the product?

A

luteinizing hormone

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34
Q

high levels of progesterone being secreted by the what triggers glandular secretion in the uterus and thickening of the cervical mucus?

A

corpus luteum

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35
Q

why is menses timed to be concurrent with the beginning of the follicular phase
of the ovary?

A

clear out old endometrial lining & grow a new one in time for ovulation so there’s a fresh surface for potential embryo

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36
Q

menopause results in a marked decline in which two hormones?

A

estrogen & progesterone

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37
Q

gonads

A

primary sex organs, produce gametes

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38
Q

gametes

A

sex cells, ovum & sperm

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39
Q

somatic cells

A

all human cells, diploid (2n), 46 chromosomes, 23 homologous pairs

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40
Q

haploid cells (1n)

A

sex cells have half normal chromosome number (23 vs. 46)

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41
Q

gametogenesis

A

-process of gamete formation
-2n somatic cells produce 1n sex cells
-reducing chromosome number by half requires special cell division -> meiosis

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42
Q

mitosis events

A

-one 2n cell duplicates its DNA: each duplicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids
-chromatids are separated equally turned into chromosomes
-two identical diploid daughter cells result
-process of cell division used by all somatic cells

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43
Q

meiosis events

A

-one 2n cell duplicates its DNA: each duplicated chromosome consists of 3 sister chromatids
-homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis: pair up forming tetrads (4 sister chromatids/ 2 duplicated chromosomes)
-homologous chromosomes exchange genes by cross-over

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44
Q

meiosis events pt.2

A

-in meiosis I homologous chromosomes separate (cells now 1n with duplicated chromosomes)
-in meiosis II sister chromatids separate (chromosomes) producing 4 haploids cells, all genetically different
-process of cell division only used for sex cell production

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45
Q

male reproductive system

A

-consists of male gonads = testes &
accessory reproductive organs = ducts,
glands, external genitalia that aid sperm production/ delivery

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46
Q

scrotum

A

-sac of cutaneous membrane, fascia, muscle
-external to abdominopelvic cavity
-maintains testes at optimal temp for sperm development (36.2°C/96.5°F)

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47
Q

raphe (scrotum)

A

each supports one testis and divides them

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48
Q

dartos muscle (scrotum)

A

-regulates temp.
smooth muscle in dermis, causes surface wrinkling to reduce heat loss

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49
Q

cremaster muscle (scrotum)

A

-regulates temp.
-skeletal muscle from
internal obliques adjust proximity of
testes to body

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50
Q

testes

A

-male gonads
-produce gametes (sperm) & hormones:
androgens (testosterone) & inhibin

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51
Q

testes development

A

-form in abdominal cavity: same tissue and
position as ovaries
-descend before birth through inguinal canal

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52
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of testes to descend, 3% full term 30% premature births,
internal testis will be sterile

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53
Q

inguinal hernia

A

protrusion of intestine
through inguinal canal

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54
Q

tunica vaginalis (testes structure)

A

derived from peritoneum: parietal & visceral layers

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55
Q

tunica albuginea (testes structure)

A

fibrous capsule of testis

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56
Q

testes structure

A

-partitions from tunica albuginea divide testis
into lobules
-each lobule contains 1-4 coiled seminiferous
tubules

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57
Q

seminiferous tubules converge into rete testis:

A

-> efferent
ductules (superior
and exterior to
testis) -> single
epididymis (coiled around outside of testis)

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58
Q

epididymis transmits sperm to ductus/vas
deferens:

A

connects testis to urethra

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59
Q

testes connected to abdominopelvic cavity by spermatic cords:

A

composed of CT surrounding ductus
deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels & autonomic nerves supplying testes

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60
Q

vasectomy

A

surgical sterilization: sever ductus deferens in spermatic cord

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61
Q

interstitial cell (functional regions of testes)

A

-in CT around seminiferous tubules
-produce androgens (testosterone)

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62
Q

seminiferous tubules (functional regions of testis)

A

-surrounded by capsule & areolar CT
-outer edge lined with spermatogonia (sperm
stem cell)
-spermatogonia divide & differentiate to
produce spermatozoa for release into lumen
-also contain sustenceullar cells

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63
Q

sustenceullar cells (seminiferous tubules -> functional regions of testis)

A

aid sperm differentiation, extend
from basement membrane to lumen

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64
Q

spermatogensis

A

sperm formation
-occurs in seminiferous tubules aided by sustentacular cells
-begin with spermatogonium
-as cells divide & differentiate they migrate toward lumen of tubule
*about 12 weeks

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65
Q

spermatogonium

A

stem cells of sperm, outer most tubule cell, contacts basement membrane

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66
Q

mitosis (spermatogonium -> primary spermocytes)

A

-spermatogonia divide producing daughter cells
-daughter cell A remains at basement membrane as spermatogonium (2n)
-daughter cell B differentiates into primary spermatocytes & moves toward lumen

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67
Q

meiosis (primary spermatocyte -> spermatid)

A

-diploid primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to generate 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
-secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II producing 4 spermatids

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68
Q

spermiogenesis (spermatid -> sperm/ spermatozoa)

A

-round spermatids differentiate into small, streamlined motile cells at lumen: flagellum in formed, chromosomes are compacted, excess cytoplasm is shed
-takes ~5 weeks to complete

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69
Q

head (sperm structure)

A

-genetic part
-flattened nucleus, compact DNA
-covered by acrosome

70
Q

acrosome (sperm head)

A

lysosome-like cap containing hydrolytic enzymes for ovum
penetration

71
Q

midpiece (sperm structure)

A

-metabolic part
-contains mitochondria -> ATP to power contractile filaments of
flagella

72
Q

flagellum (sperm structure)

A

-tail
-whip-like motion to propel cell

73
Q

maintenance of blood -testis barrier (role of sustentacular cells in spermatogenesis):

A

cells linked by tight junctions regulate environment inside tubule ->
-high levels of androgens, estrogens,
K+, amino acids (testicular fluid)
-excludes leukocytes

74
Q

support mitosis & meiosis (role of sustentacular cells in spermatogenesis):

A

stimulated by
FSH & testosterone,
promote cell
divisions

75
Q

support during spermeogenesis (role of sustentacular cells in spermatogenesis):

A

hold spermatids & stimulate development

76
Q

secrete inhibin (role of sustentacular cells in spermatogenesis):

A

peptide hormone-> inhibits FSH & GnRH (negative feedback for
spermatogenesis)

77
Q

secrete androgen binding protein (role of sustentacular cells in spermatogenesis):

A

binds androgens to retain them in tubule
to stimulate spermiogenesis

78
Q

secrete mullerian inhibiting factor (role of sustentacular cells in spermatogenesis):

A

prevent development of Mullerian ducts
(uterus, uterine tubes) in fetus

79
Q

reproductive tract (males)

A

-spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules takes 64-72 days
-immature sperm released into testicular fluid in lumen of tubule
-moved by fluid pressure &
cilia to epididymis

80
Q

epididymis

A

-6m coiled tubule around top and side of testis
-during ejaculation, smooth muscle in wall propels sperm to ductus deferens

81
Q

functions of the epididymis:

A
  1. monitor & adjust composition of testicular fluid (stereocilia absorb or
    secrete)
  2. recycle damaged spermatozoa
  3. protect, store, facilitate maturation of sperm:
    -transit takes ~20d, sperm mature & gain ability to be motile
    -mature sperm stored few months
82
Q

ductus deferens

A

-passes through inguinal canal, anterior to pubis, loops over ureter, descends
posterior to bladder
-ends in ampulla
-during ejaculation, peristaltic contractions
transmit sperm from storage in epididymis to ejaculatory duct to mix with glandular secretions which activate sperm
-ejaculatory duct connects ampulla to urethra

83
Q

ampulla

A

connects seminal vesicles & prostate
-ends ductus defrens

84
Q

urethra (male reproductive tract)

A

-shared by
urinary & reproductive
system
- 3 regions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra & spongy/penile urethra

85
Q

prostatic urethra (urethra -> male reproductive tract)

A

connects to urinary
bladder & ejaculatory duct, passes through prostate

86
Q

membranous urethra (urethra -> male reproductive tract)

A

passes through
body wall (urogenital diaphragm)

87
Q

spongy/penile urethra (urethra -> male reproductive tract)

A

length of penis, opens at external urethral orifice

88
Q

accessory organs of the male reproductive tract

A

produce fluid, nutrients, enzymes, buffers, that comprise bulk of semen

89
Q

semen

A
  • 2-5ml/ejaculation
  • 60% seminal fluid
  • 30% prostatic fluid
  • 10% testicular fluid + active spermatozoa
  • 50-300million sperm/ml
90
Q

seminal vesicles

A

-on posterior bladder wall
-produce seminal fluid: fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen, vesiculase, alkaline buffers
-during ejaculation, sperm mixed with seminal fluid in ejaculatory duct becomes highly motile

91
Q

fructose (seminal fluid -> seminal vesicles)

A

nutrients to drive sperm motility

92
Q

prostaglandins (seminal fluid -> seminal vesicles)

A

promote smooth muscle contraction to aid sperm mobility

93
Q

fibrinogen (seminal fluid -> seminal vesicles)

A

converted to fibrin to form clot in vagina

94
Q

vesiculase (seminal fluid -> seminal vesicles)

A

enzyme for fibrinogen
conversion

95
Q

alkaline buffers (seminal fluid -> seminal vesicles)

A

buffer acid pH of vagina

96
Q

prostate gland

A

-encircles prostatic urethra
-secretes prostatic fluid into urethra:
1. enzymes to digest cervical mucus
2. fibrinolysin: breaks down semen clot to
release sperm in vagina
3. seminalplasmin: antibiotic

97
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

-in urogenital diaphragm
-secrete alkaline mucus: neutralize urinary
acids and lubricate glans

98
Q

sterile (male reproductive tract)

A

less than 60 million total sperm/ml

99
Q

penis

A

functions to deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

100
Q

3 parts of the penis (penis -> external genitalia):

A
  1. root- attaches to body wall
  2. shaft- tubular, houses erectile tissue
  3. glans- distal end, covered by prepuce
    preputial glands secrete smegma
101
Q

circumcision

A

remove prepuce: prevent UTIs

102
Q

corpora cavernosa (shaft of penis -> external genitalia)

A

-2 columns of erectile tissue
-anterior, stiffen shaft

103
Q

corpus spongiosum (shaft of penis -> external genitalia)

A

-1 column of erectile tissue
-surrounds urethra,
distal end forms glans,
holds urethra open

104
Q

erectile tissue

A

vascular channels surrounded by elastic CT & smooth muscle, fills with blood via parasympathetic
stimulation

105
Q

erection (male sexual function)

A

-triggered by tactile or mental stimuli
-parasympathetic triggers release of NO
-NO dilates arterioles -> blood fills channels
-expansion compresses drainage veins -> blood pressure = stiff
-parasympathetic also triggers secretion from
bulbourethral glands
-eventually spinal reflex triggered

106
Q

ejaculation (male sexual function)

A

-spinal reflex -> sympathetic stimulation
-ducts & glands contract emptying contents to urethra
-skeletal muscles of penis contract, semen
propelled out urethral orifice
-25mph

107
Q

detumescence (male sexual function)

A

-erection subsides: sympathetic constricts
arterioles
-latent period: new ejaculation not possible (min-hrs)

108
Q

impotence

A

inability to achieve or maintain erection: due to alcohol, drugs, or
hormonal, vascular, or nervous system
problems

109
Q

GnRH (hormone & male reproductive function)

A
  • 1st step
    -GnRH is released consistently in 60-90 minute intervals from the hypothalamus
    -this triggers release of FSH & LH from the anterior pituitary
    -consistent release of GnRH ensures that the circulating levels of all the hormones remain relatively constant
110
Q

FSH targets sustentacular cells to (hormone & male reproductive function):

A
  • 2nd step
    -promote spermatogenesis
    -promote secretion of androgen binding protein
    -as spermatogenesis increases it triggers release of inhibin
    -inhibin decreases GnRH & FSH by negative feedback
111
Q

LH targets interstitial cells (hormone & male reproductive function):

A

-3rd step
-LH promotes the secretion of androgens (testosterone)

112
Q

testosterone (hormone & male reproductive function):

A

-stimulates spermatogenesis (binds to androgen-binding protein)
-promotes sex drive in CNS
-simulates metabolism (especially skeletal muscle growth)
-establishes & maintains male secondary sex characteristics
-maintains accessory organs of the reproductive tract
-as levels increase, testosterone inhibits GnRH release by negative feedback

113
Q

age-related changes (male reproductive tract)

A

-male climacteric:↓ testosterone = ↓ libido
-benign prostatic hypertrophy: prostate
↑, can block urethra
-↑ impotence
-sperm motility rate ↓

114
Q

ovaries

A

-female gonads
-produce: gametes (ova) & hormones
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
-lateral to uterus
-surrounded by two layers: tunica albuginea & germinal epithelium
-medulla contains blood vessels & nerves

115
Q

accessory organs of female reproductive tract

A

uterus, uterine tubes, vagina
-aid fertilization, embryo growth & delivery

116
Q

what is the germinal epithelium of the ovaries made from?

A

simple cuboidal
epithelium from peritoneum

117
Q

what does the cortex of the ovaries house?

A

houses forming gametes in ovarian
follicles:
1. oocyte
2. surrounding cells:
-single layer = follicle cells
-stratified = granulosa cells
endocrine cells that produce female
sex hormones

118
Q

oogenesis

A

oocyte formation

119
Q

oogenesis process pt.1

A

-begins before birth & ends at menopause
-during fetal development primary oocytes suspended in meiosis I are formed in primordial follicles
-from puberty to menopause, primary oocytes are activated on a 28-day cycle (ovarian) to complete meiosis I to produce secondary oocyte & 1 small polar body

120
Q

oogenesis process pt. 2

A

-at ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released from ovary suspended in meiosis II
-secondary oocyte won’t complete meiosis to produce a mature ovum until fertilized by a sperm

121
Q

formation of primary follicles (day 1-8) (follicular phase -> ovarian cycle ~28 days)

A

-squamous follicular cells of many primordial follicles enlarge into cuboidal cells -> dividing =
primary follicles
-the follicular cells produce stratified layers: now called granulosa cells
-microvilli from the innermost granulosa cells are connected to the primary oocyte via gap junctions to support & stimulate the growth of oocyte
-zona pellucida forms
-cells from the ovarian cortex form a layer of thecal cells around the outside of the primary follicle
-thecal cells & granulosa cells begin producing estrogens

122
Q

zona pellucida (formation of primary follicles (day 1-8) -> follicular phase -> ovarian cycle ~28 days)

A

thick membrane around the primary oocyte that comes from secreted glycoproteins from granulosa cels

123
Q

formation of secondary follicles (day 8-10) (follicular phase -> ovarian cycle ~28 days)

A

-only a few primary follicles continue development to become secondary follicles
-granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid
-the fluid accumulates between the stratified layers of the granulosa cells creating a space called the antrum = secondary follicle

124
Q

formation of 1 tertiary follicle (day 10-14)(follicular phase -> ovarian cycle ~28 days)

A

-the primary oocyte becomes restricted to one side of the follicle, attached by a stalk & surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells called the corona radiata
-the antrum continues to expand until the follicle spans the width of the cortex, this is now called a tertiary
follicle
-one tertiary or vesicular follicle usually forms (99% of the time)
-the primary oocyte completes meiosis I forming a secondary oocyte & small polar body

125
Q

ovulation (day 14) (the ovarian cycle)

A

the tertiary follicle ruptures through the ovarian wall releasing the secondary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida
& corona radiata into the pelvic cavity

126
Q

luteal phase (day 14-28) (the ovarian cycle)

A

-the ruptured tertiary follicle collapses & fills with blood
-the granulosa cells & thecal cells proliferate and reorganize into the corpus luteum
-the corpus luteum secretes progesterone & some estrogens
-if pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates & is invaded by fibroblasts
-the fibroblasts create scar tissue called the corpus albicans

127
Q

what happens when pregnancy occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

the corpus luteum remains active for 3+ months until the placenta takes over progesterone secretion

128
Q

ovarian cycle at birth & puberty:

A

-at birth: ~2 million primordial follicles
-at puberty: ~200,000 remain
of those only ~500 will ovulate

129
Q

uterine tube(s)

A

-muscular tube, lined with ciliated columnar
epithelium & mucin secreting cells
-oocyte moved via peristalsis & cilia
-secretions to nourish oocyte (& sperm)
-transit ovary to uterus takes 3-4 days

130
Q

functions of the uterine tube(s):

A

-transmit oocyte to the uterus
-site for fertilization

131
Q

3 regions of the uterine tube(s):

A
  1. infundibulum - expanded end, has fimbriae with cilia that sweep ovarian surface to brush oocyte into uterine tube
  2. ampulla - muscular length, fertilization
    occurs here
  3. isthmus - connects to uterus
132
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of zygote in location other than uterus (0.6%), most
spontaneously abort

133
Q

uterus

A

-anterior to rectum, posterior & superior to bladder
-function: house & nourish fertilized ovum
-two regions: body & cervix

134
Q

body of the uterus

A

-main portion, wall has 3 layers:
a. perimetrium = visceral peritoneum
b. myometrium: middle, thick muscular
c. endometrium: inner, glandular mucosa, simple columnar epithelium over thick lamina propria, 2 zones: functional & basilar

135
Q

functional zone of the endometrium (body of uterus)

A

thick, borders uterine cavity, glands, vessels & epithelium change
with hormones through uterine cycle,
shed in menses

136
Q

basilar zone of the endometrium (body of uterus)

A

thin, borders myometrium, remains constant, gives rise to new functional zone after menses

137
Q

cervix (of the uterus)

A

-inferior, tubular
-connects to vagina through cervical canal
at external os
-mucosa has cervical glands: secrete thick
mucus to block canal to prevent infection (mucus thins at mid ovarian cycle for sperm entry)

138
Q

prolapse of the uterus

A

damage to supporting
ligaments results in uterus protruding
through vaginal opening

139
Q

uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)

A

corresponds with ovarian cycle; same hormones regulate both

140
Q

menses (day 1-5) (menstrual cycle)

A

-correlates with beginning of follicular phase at ovary
-arteries constrict, tissues & glands of functional zone deteriorate
-menstruation occurs

141
Q

menstruation

A

-necrotic vessels rupture, blood flushes necrotic endometrial tissue out of uterus to vagina
-loss of functional zone of endometrium

142
Q

proliferative phase (day 6-14) (menstrual cycle)

A

-correlates with follicular enlargement & oocyte maturation
-cells of basilar zone of endometrium multiply to restore the mucosa, glands & vessels of the functional zone

143
Q

secretory phase (day 15-28) (menstrual phase)

A

-correlates with ovulation & duration of luteal phase
-endometrial glands enlarge & secrete mucus rich in glycogen to nourish potential embryo
-secretion peaks 12 days post ovulation, then declines as corpus luteum ceases hormone production

144
Q

what happens if a pregnancy occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

secretion will continue & menses will be inhibited

145
Q

endometrosis

A

endometrial tissue growing outside uterus, painful mass that cycles, requires drugs or surgery

146
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual cycle

147
Q

menopause

A

last menstrual cycle

148
Q

amenorrhea

A

failure to initiate menses, due to physical exertion & low body mass (leptin permissive on gonadotropins)

149
Q

vagina

A

-functions to receive penis, deliver infants & menstrual flow
-elastic muscular tube, connects cervix to
vestible (external genitalia)
-epithelium secretes glycogen, resident
bacteria metabolize into lactic acid, low
pH prevents pathogen colonization

150
Q

3 wall layers of the vagina:

A
  1. adventitia
  2. muscularis
  3. mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium,
    folded into rugae when relaxed
151
Q

external genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

-“vulva”
- labia majora & minora, mons pubis, vestibule & clitoris

152
Q

mon pubis (external genitalia of the female reproductive system)

A

anterior vulva,
adipose over pubic symphasis

153
Q

labia majora (external genitalia of the female reproductive system)

A

lateral vulva
(=male scrotum),
surrounds labia
minora

154
Q

labia minora (external genitalia of the female reproductive system)

A

encloses vestibule (=ventral penis)

155
Q

vestibule (external genitalia of the female reproductive system)

A

urethral orifice anterior, vaginal orifice posterior, flanked by greater vestibular glands (=bulbourethal glands) that produce secretions to lubricate
vestible

156
Q

clitoris (external genitalia of the female reproductive system)

A

anterior to vestibule, erectile tissue (=corpus cavernosa), covered by
prepuce
-formed by anterior labia

157
Q

lactation

A

milk to nourish newborn

158
Q

what is the center point of the mammary glands?

A

areola
-pigmented skin
around nipple

159
Q

mammary glands

A

-modified sweat
glands over pectoralis
muscles
-divided into ~25 lobes around nipple, CT &
adipose between lobes
-lobe contains lobules of alveoli -> glandular
structures that produce milk
-lobule empties to lactiferous duct, exits lobe to lactiferous sinus
-sinus stores milk during nursing
-pregnancy causes proliferation of alveolar tissue for milk production

160
Q

hormones & the female reproductive cycle

A

-ovarian & uterine cycles must be coordinated to allow fertilization & implantation of an embryo
-GnRH levels change for the cycles to alter the levels of FSH & LH which control the secretion of the female
sex hormones estrogen & progesterone
-sex hormone levels drive oocyte maturation & uterus development

161
Q

follicular phase (hormones & the female reproductive cycle)

A

-GnRH levels begin to rise triggering release of FSH & LH
-granulosa cells of secondary follicles secrete inhibin which provides further negative feedback on FSH

162
Q

FSH & LH stimulate follicle growth, maturation, production of estrogen (follicular phase → hormones and the female reproductive cycle):

A

-LH targets thecal cells to produce androstenedione
-FSH targets granulosa cells to convert this to estrogens

163
Q

increasing estrogen levels trigger (follicular phase → hormones & female reproductive cycle):

A

-continued oocyte & follicle development
- growth of new functional layer in the uterus & expression of progesterone receptors on the endometrial tissue
-negative feedback inhibition on the release of FSH & LH

164
Q

tertiary follicles are producing peak levels of estrogen which triggers (ovulation -> hormones & the female reproductive cycle):

A

-a burst of LH to be released (along with some FSH)
-thinning of the cervical mucus

165
Q

the LH surge triggers (ovulation -> hormones & the female reproductive cycle):

A

-primary oocyte to complete meiosis I forming the secondary oocyte
-ovulation: rupture of the secondary oocyte through the ovary wall
-formation of the corpus luteum from the damaged tertiary follicle

166
Q

luteal phase (hormones & the female reproductive cycle) pt.1

A

-the corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen & inhibin
-increasing levels of progesterone trigger glandular secretion in the uterus & thickening of the cervical mucus
-all three luteum hormones (progesterone, estrogen, inhibin) act to provide negative feedback inhibition on LH, FSH & GnRH production and release

167
Q

luteal phase (hormones & the female reproductive cycle) pt.2

A

-as LH levels decline, the corpus luteum begins to degrade forming the corpus albicans & luteum hormone secretion
ceases
-declining levels progesterone & estrogen trigger the initiation of menses
-decreased levels of all 3 luteum hormones no longer provide negative feedback: GnRH levels increase, and a new cycle begins

168
Q

effects of estrogen

A
  1. stimulate bone & muscle growth
  2. develop/maintain female secondary sex
    characteristics
  3. stimulate sex drive in CNS
  4. maintain accessory glands & organs for
    reproduction
  5. initiates repair & growth of endometrium
169
Q

female sexual function

A

-triggered by tactile or mental stimuli
-parasympathetic triggers engorgement of erectile tissue: clitoris, vaginal mucosa, breast & secretion by vestibular glands
-orgasm with smooth muscle contractions but mechanism poorly understood

170
Q

age-related changes (female reproductive tract)

A

-menopause: menstruation & ovulation cease
due to lack of primordial follicles
-estrogen & progesterone levels ↓
-GnRH, FSH, LH ↑
-resulting hormone levels result in:
-reduction of uterus & breast (glands)
-osteopenia or osteoporosis
-cardiovascular disorders

a & p II exam 4 (4 decks)

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