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a & p II exam 4 > chapter 18: endocrine system > Flashcards

chapter 18: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what communication involves the use of chemical messengers to transfer signals between cells in a single tissue?

A

paracrine

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2
Q

the secretion produced by endocrine cells is called a what? chemically it could be the same as a neurotransmitter but rather than being released at the synapse it travels to the target cell via what?

A

hormone, blood

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3
Q

which is the smallest molecule: amino acid derivative, a peptide hormone, or a glycoprotein?

A

amino acid deritative

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4
Q

what are eicosanoids constructed from that is made up of essential fatty acids from the diet?

A

arachidonic acid

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5
Q

what determines if a cell is a target cell for a particular hormone?

A

induce transcription & translation to get new proteins (enzymes) made that hadn’t been present in the cell before

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6
Q

in the second messenger mechanism of a hormone activity, existing protein enzymes get turned on or off to change activity of the target cell. explain how intracellular hormone receptors are different with regard to the proteins/enzymes that result in activity?

A

the presence of receptors on/in the cell for that hormone

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7
Q

free hormones don’t require a carrier but what does this mean in regard to longevity?

A

broken down quickly, short-term message

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8
Q

what’s the interaction is the type of hormone interaction where one hormone is needed for the other to cause its effects?

A

permissive

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9
Q

there are three major stimuli for hormone release. which stimuli are where ion & nutrient levels in the blood trigger the release of the hormone?

A

humoral

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10
Q

name the two hormones that are made by the hypothalamus but released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH & oxytocin

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11
Q

where specifically is your pituitary gland located?

A

inferior to hypothalamus, resting in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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12
Q

what will be released from the anterior pituitary in response to TRH from the hypothalamus?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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13
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus promotes the release of what hormone from the anterior pituitary, which promotes the production of gonadal hormones?

A

luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

what cells does MSH from the anterior pituitary target?

A

melanocytes

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15
Q

what does oxytocin promote in the reproductive system?

A

smooth muscle contraction

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16
Q

growth hormone functions to accelerate what synthesis in most cells?

A

protein syntheis

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17
Q

thyroid follicle cells constantly synthesize what, the precursor to T3 & T4?

A

thyroglobulin

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18
Q

the production of T3 and T4 what element in an ion form?

A

iodine

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19
Q

what’s the autoimmune disorder where antibodies overstimulate the thyroid gland, resulting in high blood levels of T3 &
T4?

A

graves’ disease

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20
Q

what effect does calcitonin have on osteoclasts?

A

inhibits

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21
Q

how many parathyroid glands does the average person have?

A

four

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22
Q

what structure/type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

steroids

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23
Q

what effect would an overstimulation of the zona glomerulosa have on blood pressure?

A

increase

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24
Q

which tissues/organs are affected by the norepinephrine released by the adrenal medulla?

A

smooth muscle of blood vessels, causes constriction

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25
Q

what does the zona reticularis produce?

A

gonadocorticoids

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26
Q

pancreatic polypeptide is produced by what cells of the pancreatic islets?

A

f cells

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27
Q

beta cells of the pancreas produce what, which has many
actions that result in a reduction of blood glucose level?

A

insulin

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28
Q

what does glucagon trigger adipocytes to do?

A

breakdown triglycerides & release of fatty acids

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29
Q

what gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

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30
Q

the hormones of the gastrointestinal tract are produced by what
cells located in multiple organs?

A

enteroendocrine

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31
Q

what does the kidney produce that provides negative feedback on PTH release and more?

A

calcitrol

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32
Q

the effects of the hormone that results from renin are the opposite of the effects of the hormone produced by what organ?

A

heart (renin makes angiotensin II, heart releases ANP)

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33
Q

hormones from the thymus are important for the maturation of what?

A

t lymphocyte

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34
Q

what’s the hormone from adipocytes that reduces hunger?

A

leptin

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35
Q

direct communication (intracellular communication)

A

occurs between 2 cells of the same type through gap junctions via ions or small solutes

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36
Q

paracrine communication (intracellular communication)

A

uses chemical messengers to transfer signals between cells in a single tissue (messenger = cytokines or local hormones)

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37
Q

endocrine communication (intracellular communication)

A

uses hormones to coordinate cellular activities in distant portions of the body, gradual, coordinated but not immediate

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38
Q

hormone

A

chemical messengers released from one tissue & transported into blood to reach target cells in other tissues

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39
Q

synaptic communication

A

involves neurons
releasing neurotransmitters at a synapse close to target, immediate but short-lived

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40
Q

endocrine system

A

-consists of glands & glandular tissue involved in paracrine & endocrine communication
-endocrine cells produce secretions ->
released into ECF -> enters blood -> body-wide distribution to find target

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41
Q

amino acid derivatives (hormone structure)

A

-structurally similar to or based on amino
acids
-e.g. catecholamines (epinephrine,
norepinephrine, dopamine), thyroid
hormones, melatonin

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42
Q

peptides (peptide hormones -> hormone structure)

A
  • <200 amino acids
    -e.g. ADH,
    oxytocin, GH
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43
Q

what is a peptide hormones?

A

chains of amino acids

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44
Q

glycoproteins (peptide hormones -> hormone structure)

A
  • > 200 amino acids
    with carbohydrate
    side chain
    -e.g. TSH
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45
Q

steroid hormones (lipid derivatives -> hormone structure)

A

-structurally similar
to/based on cholesterol
-e.g. Androgens,
Estrogens, Calcitriol

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46
Q

eicosanoids (lipid derivatives -> hormone structure)

A

-derived from arachidonic acid
-not circulating:
autocrine or paracrine only
-eg. leukotrienes, prostgaldins

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47
Q

leukotrienes (eicosanoids -> lipid derivatives -> hormone structure)

A

from leukocytes, coordinate
inflammation

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48
Q

prostaglandins (eicosanoids -> lipid derivatives -> hormone structure)

A

from Mast cells, coordinate local activities (smooth muscle contraction, clotting, etc.)

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49
Q

mechanism of action for hormones

A

-hormones circulate in blood: contact all cells
-receptors present on a cell determine the
cell’s hormonal sensitivity

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50
Q

target cell

A

has a receptor for a specific hormone

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51
Q

hormone stimulus effects in target cells:

A
  1. alter plasma membrane permeability or
    transmembrane potential by opening /
    closing ion channels
  2. stimulate synthesis of structural proteins,
    receptors, regulatory enzymes within cell
  3. activate or deactivate enzymes
  4. induce secretory activity
  5. stimulate mitosis
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52
Q

cell membrane hormone receptors

A

-catecholamines, peptide hormones,
glycoprotein hormones, eicosanoids
-bind receptors on cell surface
-indirectly trigger events inside cell via
second messengers (cAMP, Ca ++ )
-2nd messenger acts as activator, inhibitor,
or cofactor for ICF enzymes
-receptor linked to 2nd messenger by
G protein

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53
Q

what do hormones that bind to cell surfaces receptors work through?

A

second messengers to open ion channels or activate/deactivate enzymes

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54
Q

what does the second messenger mechanism (cAMP or Ca++) result in?

A

amplification of the hormone signal

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55
Q

cAMP mechanism

A

-hormone binds receptor
-G protein-activated
-adenylate cyclase-activated
- ATP -> cAMP
-kinases activated
-proteins (enzymes) phosphorylated -> enzymes activated/ deactivated
-eg. epinephrine, TSH

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56
Q

PIP-calcium mechanism

A

-hormone binds receptor
-G-protein activated
-phospholipase C (PLC) activated
-phospholipids (PIP2) cleaved into diacylglycerol (DAG) & inositol triphosphate (IP3)
- DAG opens Ca++ channels on membrane
-IP3 release Ca++ from ER
-calcium binds to calmodulin -> enzymes activated
-eg. oxytocin, regulatory hormones

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57
Q

2nd messenger mechanism results in
amplification of hormone signal:

A

one hormone molecule binds one receptor but
can result in millions of final products

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58
Q

intracellular hormone receptors

A

-steroid hormones, thyroid hormones
-result in direct gene activation by hormone
-hormone diffuses across membrane, binds receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
-protein production

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59
Q

protein production (intracellular hormone receptors)

A

hormone + receptor bind DNA ->
transcription -> translation = metabolic enzymes, structural proteins, secretions

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60
Q

target cell activation depends on:

A
  1. blood level of hormone
  2. relative number of receptors
  3. Affinity of bond between hormone &
    receptor
    -if hormone levels are excessively high for too
    long cells can reduce receptor number or
    affinity & become non-responsive to a
    hormone
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61
Q

distribution & duration of hormones

A

-circulating hormones either free or bound to
carrier/transport proteins
-free hormones last seconds to minutes:
rapidly broken down by liver, kidney,
or plasma enzymes in blood
-bound hormones last hours to days in blood
-effect on target cell can take seconds to days
depending on mechanism & final
effect, but hormones, once bound to receptor, are broke down quickly

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62
Q

interactions of hormones at target cells

A

-target cells have receptors for multiple
hormones
-effects of one hormone can be different depending on presence or absence of
other hormones

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63
Q

antagonistic (hormone interaction)

A

hormones oppose each other

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64
Q

synergistic (hormone interaction)

A

hormones have additive effects

65
Q

permissive (hormone interaction)

A

one hormone is needed for the
other to cause its effects

66
Q

control of endocrine activity

A

synthesis & release of most hormones
regulated by negative feedback: stimulus -> hormone release -> effects at target

67
Q

how is hormone release turned on & off?

A

turned on by stimuli & off by negative feedback but can be
modified by the nervous system

68
Q

humoral stimuli (major stimuli for hormone release)

A

–ion & nutrient levels in blood trigger
release (e.g. PTH released when blood Ca++ is low)

69
Q

neural stimuli (major stimuli for hormone release)

A

autonomic nervous system
–nerve fibers directly stimulate release
(e.g. sympathetic -> adrenal medulla = epinephrine release)

70
Q

hormonal stimuli (major stimuli for hormone release)

A

–hormones stimulate the release of other
hormones
(e.g. releasing hormones of hypothalamus
cause release of hormones from anterior pituitary)

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

-located at the base of
3rd ventricle
-master regulatory organ
-integrates nervous &
endocrine systems

72
Q

what are the three mechanisms of control of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. secrete regulatory hormones to control
    secretion from anterior pituitary (hormones from anterior pituitary
    control other endocrine organs)
  2. act as an endocrine organ (produce ADH
    & oxytocin)
  3. has autonomic centers for neural control of adrenal medulla (neuroendocrine
    reflex)
73
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

-hangs inferior to
hypothalamus via
infundibulum
-in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
-anterior lobe secretes 7 hormones: function
via cAMP 2nd messenger
-posterior lobe secretes 2 hormones: function via cAMP 2nd messenger

74
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

A

-glandular tissue
-anterior pituitary
hormones are all
tropic hormones
-secretion of the
hormones controlled by releasing & inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus

75
Q

tropic hormones

A

turn on secretion or support function of other organs

76
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control = thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
-promotes release of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

77
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control= corticotropin releasing
hormone (CRH)
-promotes release of corticosteroid hormones (glucocorticoids) from adrenal cortex

78
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), follitropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control = gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
-promotes gamete production in ovaries & testes

79
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH), lutropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control = gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
-promotes production of gonadal hormones (estrogens & androgens)

80
Q

prolactin (PRL), mammotropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control = prolactin inhibiting
hormone (PIH)
-stimulates mammary gland development & milk production in females (can assist androgen production in males)

81
Q

growth hormone (GH), somatotropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control = growth hormone
releasing hormone
(GH-RH) & growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GH-IH), somatostatin
-accelerates rate of protein synthesis in most cells, especially skeletal muscle &
chondrocytes

82
Q

indirect mechanism of growth hormone (GH) (hormone of anterior pituitary)

A

stimulates liver to release somatomedins (insulin-like growth
factors (IGFs) ) which trigger cells to absorb amino acids & synthesize proteins
with them

83
Q

direct mechanism of growth hormone (GH) (hormone of anterior pituitary)

A

stimulates stem cell division in epithelia & CT, stimulates adipose to hydrolyze triglycerides & release fatty acids, stimulates liver to hydrolyze glycogen & release glucose

84
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone
(MSH), melanotropin (anterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus control = release inhibited by
dopamine
-stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

85
Q

excess growth hormone diseases

A

usually due to pituitary tumor
-before epiphyseal closure = gigantism
-after = acromegaly: excessive growth of
hands, feet, face, internal organs

86
Q

deficiency of growth hormone disease

A

pituitary dwarfism: failure to thrive (extremely short)

87
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A

-neural tissue
-contains axons of hypothalamus: release
hormones to posterior lobe for storage

88
Q

antidiuretic hormone
(ADH), vasopressin (posterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus site of production = supraoptic nuclei
-released in response to rise in blood electrolytes or ↓ BP
-triggers water retention at kidney & vasoconstriction

89
Q

oxytocin (OT) (posterior pituitary hormone)

A

-hypothalamus site of production = paraventricular nuclei
-females: stimulates smooth muscle to promote labor & delivery and milk ejection
-role in sexual arousal & orgasm in both sexes (smooth muscle contraction)

90
Q

thyroid gland

A

-inferior to larynx
-left and right lobes
connected by isthmus
-largest pure endocrine organ
-tissues: follicles & parafollicular/C cells

91
Q

follicles (thyroid gland tissue)

A

-spheres of simple
cuboidal epithelium
-filled with colloid: thyroglobulin
-thyroglobulin protein constantly synthesized
by follicle cells & exocytosed into
follicle for storage
-upon stimulation by TSH, thyroglobulin is
processed into thyroid hormones (T3/T4)

92
Q

Receptors for thyroid hormones located in all cells except where?

A

adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, thyroid

93
Q

3 receptors in target cells for thyroid hormones:

A

-cytoplasm: holds hormone in reserve
-mitochondria: increase cellular respiration
-nucleus: activate genes for enzymes involved in energy transformation & utilization

94
Q

overall effect of thyroid hormones

A

increase metabolic rate & body heat production, and regulate tissue growth & development

95
Q

formation & release of thyroid hormones 1-2:

A
  1. iodine ions (I-) from diet accumulate in cytoplasm of follicle cells
  2. at apical surface thyroid peroxidase converts I- to I+ (activated form) & links it to 4 tyrosine molecules in the previously formed protein thyroglobulin in the follicle
96
Q

formation & release of thyroid hormones 3-5:

A
  1. iodated tyrosines in thyroglobulin are chemically bonded to create the thyroid hormones T4 & T3
  2. stimulated by TSH, follicle cells endocytose iodinated thyroglobulin
  3. iodinated thyroglobulin is broken down in the lysosome, releasing T3, T4, & free amino acids into
    cytoplasm
97
Q

thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)

98
Q

formation & release of thyroid hormones 6-7:

A
  1. T3 & T4 is exocytosed at the basement membrane into the blood (90% is T4)
  2. T3 & T4 are bound to transport proteins for circulation to tissues (at target tissues, T4 can be converted to T3, the more active form of thyroid hormone)
99
Q

hypothyroidism

A

lack of T3/T4

100
Q

myxedema (adults)

A

lack of iodine causes
low body temp, muscle weakness, slow
reflexes, cognitive dysfunction & goiter

101
Q

goiter

A

swollen thyroid (produce thyroglobulin but fail to endocytose)

102
Q

cretinism (infants)

A

a genetic defect causes
lack of skeletal & nervous system
development

103
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive T3/T4, causes high metabolic rate, high heart rate,
restlessness, fatigue

104
Q

Graves disease

A

autoimmune disorder,
produce antibodies that mimic TSH, causing overproduction of thyroid hormones

105
Q

parafollicular cells / C cells (thyroid gland)

A

-in basement membrane of follicles
-produce Calcitonin
-parafollicular cells respond directly to blood calcium levels, not controlled by
hypothalamus

106
Q

calcitonin release (parafollicular cells/ C cells -> thyroid gland)

A

Ca2+ 20% above normal

107
Q

calcitonin stimulates
decrease in blood
calcium levels (parafollicular cells/ C cells -> thyroid gland):

A
  1. inhibits osteoclasts
  2. promotes Ca++ loss
    at the kidneys
108
Q

parathyroid glands

A

-four glands embedded in posterior side of lobes of thyroid
-two cell types: oxyphils & chief cells

109
Q

oxyphils (parathyroid gland cell)

A

few, function unknown

110
Q

chief cells (parathyroid gland cell)

A

majority, produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

111
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) /parathormone

A

-most important regulator of blood calcium
-secreted when blood calcium low
-acts to raise blood calcium levels by acting
on various tissues

112
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on bone tissue

A

stimulates osteoclasts & inhibits osteoblasts

113
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on kidney tissue

A

enhances reabsorption of Ca 2+

114
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on intestinal tissue

A

promotes conversion of VitD to calcitriol in kidney to enhance Ca2+ & PO43- absorption in small intestine

115
Q

adrenal glands

A

-2 glands, in renal
fascia, superior to
kidney
-glandular adrenal
cortex
-medulla mostly
nervous tissue
-in general: adrenal hormones used to cope with stressors

116
Q

adrenal cortex (adrenal glands)

A

-produces 24+ corticosteroids: in target alter gene transcription to affect metabolism
-3 layers: zona glomerulosa, fasciculta, reticularis

117
Q

zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

-mineralocorticoids
-control water & electrolyte balance

118
Q

aldosterone (zona glomerulosa -> adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

-makes up 95%
-stimulates Na+ retention & K+ loss (humoral)
-released in response to ↓ Na+ or ↑ K+, renin-angiotensin mechanism, low blood pressure or volume (hormonal), excessive ACTH (hormonal)

119
Q

zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

-glucocorticoids
-cortisol (hydrocortisone)
-secretion controlled by ACTH

120
Q

cortisol (hydrocortisone) (zona fasciculata -> adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

-cortisol = natural
-hydrocortisone = administred
-metabolic hormone control glucose metabolism, most common

121
Q

effect of zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

glucogenesis in liver, release of fatty acids from adipose, triggers protein hydrolysis to release free amino acids from skeletal muscle, triggers body cells to utilize fatty acids & amino acids instead of glucose

122
Q

excess of cortisol (hydrocortisone) (zona fasciculata -> adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

anti-inflammatory, inhibit immune response & healing

123
Q

zona reticularis (adrenal cortex -> adrenal glands)

A

-gonadocorticoids
-mostly androgens, may ai on onset of puberty
-excess = androgential syndrome (over masculine in males + females)

124
Q

adrenal medulla (adrenal glands)

A

-neural, produces catecholamines (epi, norepi.) to enhance effect of other adrenal hormones
-chromaffin cells

125
Q

chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla -> adrenal glands)

A

modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release epinephrine (80%) & norepinephrine (20%) in response to sympathetic stimuli

126
Q

epinephrine effects (adrenal medulla -> adrenal glands)

A

-stimulate heart & metabolic activities:
-skeletal muscle mobilize
glucogen reserves, accelerate ATP production
-adipose promotes release of fatty acids
-liver promotes release of glucose

127
Q

norepinephrine effects (adrenal medulla -> adrenal glands)

A

stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure (e.g., fight or flight response)

128
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

excessive
corticosteroids (ACTH from pituitary
tumor), results in hyperglycemia, ↓ muscle & bone mass, hypertension, edema, poor healing, chronic infections

129
Q

Addison’s disease

A

deficient in
corticosteroids, results in weight loss,
hypoglycemia, ↓Na+ ↑K+ in plasma, dehydration, hypotension

130
Q

pancreas

A

-inferior & posterior to stomach
-mostly exocrine cells: pancreatic acini, secrete digestive enzymes
-1% endocrine: pancreatic islets

131
Q

alpha cells (pancreatic islets cell type)

A

glucagon:↑ blood glucose

132
Q

beta cells (pancreatic islets cell type)

A

insulin: ↓ blood glucose

133
Q

delta cells (pancreatic islets cell type)

A

somatostatin: suppresses glucagon & insulin release slows
enzyme release into intestine

134
Q

f cells (pancreatic islets cell type)

A

pancreatic polypeptide: regulates
production of pancreatic enzymes

135
Q

insulin (pancreas)

A

-secreted in response to high blood glucose or ANS: parasympathetic =↑ insulin
sympathetic = ↓ insulin
-effects only on insulin dependent cells (have
receptors)
-brain, kidney, GI mucosa & RBCs all
insulin independen

136
Q

effects of insulin

A

beta cells secrete insulin(↑ in blood glucose level) -> ↑ rate of glucose transport into target cell, ↑ rate of glucose utilization & ATP generation, ↑ conversion of glucose to glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle), ↑ amino acid absorption & protein synthesis, ↑ triglycerides synthesis (adipose tissue) -> blood glucose conc. ↓ -> homeostasis restored

137
Q

effects of glucagon

A

alpha cells secrete insulin (↓ in blood glucose level) ->↑ breakdown of glycogen to glucose (liver, skeletal muscle), ↑ breakdown of fats to fatty acids (adipose tissue), ↑ synthesis & release of glucose (liver) -> blood glucose conc. ↑ -> homeostasis restored

138
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

too much glucose in blood (hyperglycemia)
-type I = failure to produce insulin
-type II = insulin resistance, sometimes
insulin deficiency

139
Q

ketoacidosis

A

cells do not utilize glucose, ketone bodies
produced, too many

140
Q

glucagon (pancreas)

A

secreted in response to low blood glucose or
sympathetic stimulation

141
Q

pineal gland

A

-posterior of third ventricle
-pinealocytes: synthesize melatonin from serotonin
-secretion on diurnal cycle: high at night, low
during daylight

142
Q

melatonin (pineal gland) functions:

A

-play role in timing of sexual maturation
-antioxidant (free radical protection)
-sets circadian rhythms

143
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

-enteroendocrine cells in GI mucosa secrete
many hormones: coordinate digestive activity
-mostly paracrine communication
-cholecystokinin
-enterocrinin
-gastric inhibitory peptide
-gastrin
-secretin
-vasoactive intestinal
peptide

144
Q

kidney

A

various endocrine cells, three products: calcitriol, erythropoietin & renin

145
Q

calcitriol (steroid hormone -> kidney)

A

released in response to PTH
-hormonal response

146
Q

calcitriol effects (steroid hormone -> kidney)

A

-stimulate Ca2+ , PO43- absorption in GI
-stimulate osteoclast activity
-stimulate Ca2+ retention in kidney
-suppress PTH production

147
Q

erythropoietin (peptide hormone -> kidney)

A

-released in response to low O2 in kidney
-stimulates erythrocyte production
-humoral response

148
Q

renin (enzyme -> kidney)

A

-released in response to sympathetic
stimulation or decline in renal blood flow
-converts angiotensin in blood into Angiotensin II (hormone)
-neural response

149
Q

angiotensin II effects (renin -> enzyme -> kidney):

A

-stimulate secretion of aldosterone (adrenal)
-stimulate secretion of ADH (pituitary)
-stimulate thirst
-elevate BP (both aldosterone & ADH restrict Na+ & H2O loss at kidney)

150
Q

heart

A

-some cells of atrial walls secrete Atrial Natriuretic Peptides in response to stretch
-ANP promotes Na+ & water loss in kidney, inhibits release of renin, ADH & aldosterone to reduce BP & volume

151
Q

thymus

A

-located deep into sternum
-cells produce thymosins
-promote development & maturation of T
lymphocytes & immune response

152
Q

testes (gonads)

A

interstitial cells produce androgens in
response to LH

153
Q

testosterone (testes -> gonads)

A

-most common
-produces male secondary sex characteristics, promotes sperm production & maintains secretory glands

154
Q

ovaries (gonads)

A

follicle cells produce estrogens in response
to LH and FSH

155
Q

estradiol (ovaries -> gonads)

A

-most important
-produce female secondary sex characteristics
-support maturation of oocytes
-stimulate growth of uterine lining
-surge in LH causes ovulation, follicle
reorganizes to form corpus luteum:
produces estrogens & progestins

156
Q

progesterone (ovaries -> gonads)

A

-most important
-prepares uterus for embryo growth
-accelerates movement of oocyte/embryo to
uterus
-enlargement of mammary glands

157
Q

adipose (endocrine)

A

-secretes leptin in response to absorption of glucose & lipids
-triggers satiation in appetite center
of hypothalamus
-permissive effect on gonadotropins
-also secretes resistin
-reduces insulin sensitivity

158
Q

age-related changes for endocrine system

A

-very little change in most hormone levels
-adverse effects due to changes in target
tissues: prevent reception or response to hormone
-gonads decrease in size & hormone
production

a & p II exam 4 (4 decks)

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