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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 28 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Reproductive System Flashcards

Sexual maturation, anatomy of male and female systems, development and aging

1
Q

What are gonads?

A

Primary reproductive organs
- Ovaries & testes

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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells w/ haploid # of chromosomes
- oocytes & sperm

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3
Q

What are accessory reproductive organs/

A

Ducts that carry gametes from gonads to site of fertilization (female) or outside the body (male)

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4
Q

What is puberty?

A

Period when reproductive organs become fully functional & secondary sex characteristics become more prominent

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5
Q

How does puberty start?

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which acts on endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary & stimulates them to release FSH and LH

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6
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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7
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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8
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

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9
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Diamond-shaped area between thighs
- pubic symphysis anteriorly
- ischial tuberosities laterally
- coccyx posteriorly

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10
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

Anterior
- urethral & vaginal orifices in females
- base of penis & scrotum in males
- muscles: ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal

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11
Q

Anal triangle

A

Posterior
- anus
- muscle: external anal sphincter

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12
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

forming human sex cells (gametes)

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Human somatic body cells
- 23 pairs (46 total)
- 22 pairs of autosomes
- 1 pair sex chromosomes

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14
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Contain genes that code for cellular functions and determine characteristics (ex. eye & hair color, height, skin pigmentation)

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15
Q

Homologous Autosomes

A

Pai of matching autosomes

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16
Q

Diploid

A

State of cell containing pairs of homologous chromosomes (46)

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17
Q

Haploid

A

of chromosomes in a sperm or secondary oocyte (23)

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

Sex cell division that starts w/ diploid parent cell and produces haploid daughter cells (gametes)
- up to 4 genetically different daughter cells

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19
Q

Mitosis

A
  • 2 genetically identical daughter cells
  • diploid gametes
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20
Q

Interphase

A
  • prior to meiosis
  • DNA in each chromosome replicated (sister chromatids attached at centromere)
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21
Q

Meiosis I (reduction division)

A
  • homologous pairs of replicated chromosomes separated when cell divides
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22
Q

Prophase I

A
  • homologous replicated chromosomes in parent cell pair to form tetrad
  • each tetrad exchanges genetic material (crossing over) to ensure genetic diversity
  • ends w/ breakdown of nuclear envelope
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23
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • spindle fibers formed by microtubules extend at opposite ends of cellnaph
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24
Q

Anaphase I

A

Pairs of chromosomes separate as they are pulled by the spindle fibers to ends of cell

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25
Q

Telophase I & Cytokinesis

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes
  • division of cytoplasm during cell division
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26
Q

Meiosis II

A

sister chromatids are separated and become single chromosomes in haploid cells

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27
Q

Prophase II

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chromosomes collect together- no crossing over occurs
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28
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • spindle fibers extend from centrioles
  • replicated chromosomes align to form line along equator of cell
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29
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • sister chromatids pulled apart at centromere
  • renames single chromosome
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30
Q

Telophase II & Cytokinesis

A
  • single chromosomes at opposite ends of cell
  • nuclear membrane reform
  • cytoplasm in both cells divide
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31
Q

Anterior Vesicouterine Pouch

A

space between urinary bladder and uterus

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32
Q

Rectouterine pouch

A

space between rectum and uterus

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33
Q

Female accessory organs

A

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands

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34
Q

Female primary organs

A

ovaries

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35
Q

What is the ovarian ligament?

A

Cord of fibrous connective tissue that anchors each ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus

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36
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

Double fold of peritoneum, attached to each ovary at hilum

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37
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

formed from connective tissue, attaches the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall
- houses ovarian blood vessels and nerves

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38
Q

Ovary

A
  • supplied by ovarian artery and ovarian vein
39
Q

Germinal Epithelium

A

thin , simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding ovary

40
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

deep to germinal epithelium
- dense connective tissue capsule

41
Q

Ovarian follicles

A
  • oocyte surrounded by follicle cells that support it
42
Q

Primordial follicle

A
  • most primitive type
  • primary oocytes surrounded by single layer of flattened follicle cells
43
Q

Primary follicle

A
  • formed from maturing primordial follicle
  • primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of cuboidal follicular cells (granulosa cells)
  • secretes estrogen which stimulates change in uterine lining
  • zona pellucida (surrounds primary oocyte)
44
Q

Secondary follicle

A
  • formed from primary follicle
  • primary oocytes and many layers of granulosa cells
  • thecal cells develop from nearby connective tissue (secrete androgens that is converted to estrogen by granulosa cells)
45
Q

Antral follicle (vesicular/tertiary follicle)

A
  • formed from secondary follicle
  • antrum (fluid-filled space) develops within granulosa cells
  • oocyte forced toward one side of follicle and surrounded by cluster of cells (cumulus oophorus)
  • zona pellucida and corona radiata surround primary oocyte
46
Q

Mature follicle (graafian follicle)

A
  • secondary oocyte
  • surrounded by cona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus, external layers of granulosa cells, thecal cells, large fluid filled antrum
  • corpus luteum formed by remnants of mature follicle rupturing, producing progesterone
47
Q

oogenesis

A
  • maturation of primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte
48
Q

oogonia

A

diploid cells within primordial follicles
- fetal period: divide by mitosis to form primary oocytes

49
Q

atresia

A
  • primordial follicle regression during childhood
50
Q

folliculogenesis (follicle development)

A

development & maturation of ovarian follicles
- regulated by GnRH which secretes FSH & LH
- preantral stage: 290 days and consists of development from primordial follicle to late secondary follicle
- antral stage: 65 days and begins w/ antral follicle development into mature follicle that can be ovulated

51
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • 1 to 13/ 28 day cycle
  • last 13 days of antral stage
52
Q

Ovulation

A
  • day 14 of 28 day cycle
  • release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
53
Q

Luteal phase

A
  • 15 to 28 day of 28 day cycle
54
Q
A
  • ruptured mature follicle becomes corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone and estrogen and inhibin
55
Q

menarche

A

time of first menstrual period

56
Q

menopause

A
  • permanent cessation of menses
  • perimenopause (time nearing menopause)
57
Q

Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes/ oviducts)

A
  • transport ovulated oocyte to uterus
  • fertilization site of an oocyte
58
Q

Uterus

A
  • muscular organ within pelvic cavity
  • supports, protects, nourishes developing embryo/fetus
59
Q

Vagina

A
  • fibromuscular tube that forms inferior most region of female reproductive tracts
60
Q

Mammary Gland

A
  • secretes breast milk
61
Q

Male primary reproductive organs

62
Q

Male accessory reproductive organs

A

ducts & tubules leading from the testes to the penis, accessory glands, penis

63
Q

Scrotum

A

skin-covered sac between thighs
- provides cooler environment needed for sperm development & maturation

64
Q

Raphe

A

distinct ridgelike seam at midline of scrotum

65
Q

spermatic cord

A
  • originates in the inguinal canal (passageway through inferior abdominal wall)
  • external spermatic fascia (external oblique muscle)
  • cremaster muscle & cremasteric fascia (internal oblique muscle)
  • internal spermatic fascia (formed from fascia deep to abdominal muscles)
66
Q

Testicular artery

A

direct branch from abdominal aorta
- surrounded by pampiniform plexus (network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels)

67
Q

Testes

A

produce sperm and androgens

68
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

provide protective environment & nourish developing sperm

69
Q

Inhibin - males

A

More inhibin = lowered sperm count
Less inhibin = higher sperm count

70
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process of sperm development that occurs within seminiferous tubule of testis

71
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Diploid cells that lie near base of the seminiferous tubule. Divide by mitosis to produce sperm

72
Q

Primary spermatocyte

A
  • diploid cells
  • forms secondary spermatocytes
73
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A
  • haploid cells
  • form spermatids in meiosis II
74
Q

spermiogenesis

A

newly formed spermatids differentiate to become anatomically mature spermatozoa (sperm)

75
Q

Sperm anatomy

A
  • flagellum (tail)
  • acrosome (cap-like structure on anterior 2/3 of sperm nucleus that uses digestive enzymes to penetrate an oocyte)
  • midpiece/neck region (mitochondria)
76
Q

rete testis

A

meshwork of channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm via straight tubules

77
Q

efferent ductules

A

connect rete testis to the epididymis

78
Q

epididymis

A

comma-shaped structure composed of an internal ducts and external connective tissue covering
- head: superior surface of testis
- body & tail: posterior surface of testis
- stores sperm until they are fully mature & motile

79
Q

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

A
  • thick-walled tube that extends from epididymis superiorly through the spermatic cord
  • sperm leave the epididymis during ejaculation and enter vans deferens
80
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

conducts sperm from ductus deferens and a component of seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra

81
Q

urethra - male

A

transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to outside the body

82
Q

Seminal fluid

A

alkaline secretion needed to neutralize acidity of the vagina
- also nourishes sperm as they move through female reproductive tract
- produced by accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral

83
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • proximal portion merges w/ ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
  • contribute to seminal fluid
  • secrete alkaline fluid made of fructose (nourishes sperm) and prostaglandins (hormonelike substance that promotes widening/dilation of external os of the cervix)
84
Q

prostate gland

A
  • secretes PSA (prostate-specific antigen) which acts as an enzyme to liquefy semen
  • citric acid nourishes sperm
  • seminalplasmin fluid is an antibiotic that combats UTIs
85
Q

bulbourethral glands

A
  • each has short duct that projects into the base (bulb) of penis and enters spongy urethra
  • secretes mucin that forms mucus that coats the urethra for passage of sperm during sex
86
Q

Semen

A
  • seminal fluid combines w/ sperm to make up semen
87
Q

Penis

A
  • root: attached portion, which is dilated internal to the body, forming the bulb and crus
  • bulb: attaches penis to bulbospongiosus muscle in urogenital triangle
  • crus: attaches penis to pubic arch
  • shaft (body): elongated, moveable portion
  • glans (tip): contains external urethral orifice
  • prepuce (foreskin)
88
Q

refractory period

A

period when penis cannot become erect after sexual intercourse

89
Q

Genetic Sex (genotypic sex)

A

An individual’s sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

90
Q

Phenotypic sex

A

Appearance of an individual’s internal and external genetalia

91
Q

Sex determining region Y (SRY)

A
  • located within testis-determining factor (TDF) region on Y chromosomes
  • produces proteins to stimulate the production of androgens that initiate male phenotypic development
  • If Y chromosome is lacking or has an abnormal SRY gene, female phenotypic sex results
92
Q

Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)

A
  • form most of male duct system
93
Q

paramesonephric ducts (MUllerian ducts)

A
  • form most of femal duct system

Anatomy & Physiology II (6 decks)

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