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Microbio 310 > Chapter 28: Adaptive Immunity & Diagnostics (Exam 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Adaptive Immunity & Diagnostics (Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

MHC I

A

present peptides of 8-11 amino acids
from endogenous (intracellular) foreign antigens
alerts immune system it has been infected
cell gets destroyed by T cell excreting perforins and granzymes

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2
Q

MHC II

A

present 10-20 amino acids
from exogenous (extracellular) pathogens
after endocytosis of pathogens,
alerts immune system to antigens presence
does not kill presenting kills

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3
Q

other terms for antibody

A

immunoglobulin (IG)
B cell receptor (BCR)

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4
Q

antibody production

A

B cells contain antibodies on surface (~100k per cell)
1. BCR recognizes epitope on pathogen, B cell phagocytoses antigen
2. presents antigens of enclosed pathogen on surface (MHC II) to T helper cells
3. T helpers produce cytokines that stimulate division of antigen reactive B cells –> differentiate into plasma cells
4. Secretion of large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen

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5
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

mark pathogen surface
inhibit infection
neutralize toxins

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6
Q

Marking a pathogen’s surface

A

most common function of antibodies
phagocytes have unspecific antibody recognizing receptors, phagocytosis of IG-coated cell or virus

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7
Q

inhibiting infection

A

interferes with pathogen’s outer structures
e.g. antibodies in mucous membranes hinder influenza

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8
Q

neutralizing toxins

A

binds to toxins
e.g. antibodies in blood and lymph block toxins from binding with host cells

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9
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

kills cells that have the antigen

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10
Q

T helper cell

A

binds MHC II
produces cytokines & interleukins

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11
Q

natural active immunity

A

getting a disease and recovering

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12
Q

natural passive immunity

A

passing antibodies to infants through breast milk

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13
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

receiving a vaccination and developing immunity

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14
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

receiving pre-formed antibodies (antiserum)

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15
Q

properties of innate immune system

A

targets common pathogens
responds within hours
non-inducible
doesnt require pre-exposure
does not generate memory
driven by phagocytes

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16
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells able to ingest kill and digest pathogens

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17
Q

properties of adaptive immune system

A

targets specific pathogens
responds after days
induced by innate
requires pre-exposure
generates immunity
driven by lymphocytes

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18
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that make antibodies & mark pathogens for destruction

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19
Q

immune system hypersensitivity

A

inappropriate immune response that results in host damage
two major types: antibody mediated and cell mediated

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20
Q

type I hypersensitivity

A

immediate
IgE sensitization of mast cells
latency- minutes
ex. reaction to bee sting

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21
Q

type II hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic
IgG interaction with cell surface antigen
latency- hours
ex. drug reactions

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22
Q

type III hypersensitivty

A

immune complex
IgG interaction with soluble or circulating antigen
latency- hours
ex. systemic lupus erythematpsus

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23
Q

type IV hypersensitivity

A

delayed type
Th1 inflammatory cell activation of macrophages
latency- 24-48 hrs
ex. poison ivy

24
Q

type I (immediate) allergies

A

increase or decrease bp or hr
mild or life threatening
ex. pollen, mold, shellfish, insect venom
immune system alert through mucous membranes of lungs or gut
antibody mediated

25
Q

type IV (delayed) allergies

A

often after contact skin (contact dermatitis)
itchiness, reddening, edema, tissue damage, blisters
ex. jewelry, cosmetics, poison ivy, latex
cell mediated

26
Q

Type I diabetes

A

organ: pancreas
mechanism: cell mediated immunity and autoantibodies against surface and cytoplasmic antigens of beta cells or pancreatic islets (II and IV)
tissue/cell specific

27
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

organ: skeletal muscles
mechanism: autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle (II)

28
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

organ: kidney
mechanism: autoantibodies against basement membrane of kidney glomeruli (II)

29
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

organ: cartilage
mechanism: autoantibodies against self IgG antibodies which form complexes deposited in joint tissue, causing inflammation and cartilage destruction (III)
systemic

30
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

affects: DNA, cardiolipin, nucleoprotein, blood clotting proteins
mechanism: autoantibody response to various cellular constituents results in immune complex formation (III)

31
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

unknown cause
body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, destroys fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord (myelin)

32
Q

superantigens

A

proteins capable of elicitng a strong response because they activate more t cells than a normal immune response
produced by many viruses and bacteria that interact with t cell receptors
may produce systemic diseases
characterized by systemic inflammatory reactions
some influenza, toxic shock, graft vs host, cytokine storm covid, immunotherapies

33
Q

immunodeficiency

A

active adaptive immunity is critical for infectious disease resistance
animals with deficiencies in B cells are prone to bacterial infections
t cell deficiencies prone to viral infections and cancers

34
Q

severe combined immune deficiency syndrom (SCID)

A

serious, congenital deficiency in both B and T cells
patients live a restricted life to limit exposure to pathogens
adenine deaminase
X-SCID interlukin receptor missing, expresses on T, B and NK cells
omenn syndrome rag gene mutations (recombination activating gene)

35
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

caused by HIV infection that progresses and kills CD4 & T cells
patients are prone to opportunistic infections and cancer since deficienct in T cell help

36
Q

Avastin

A

immunotherapy
anti VEGF antibody
tumors produce protein VEGF which binds to receptors on blood vessels which helps it grow and spread
Avastin attaches to VEGF, preventing it from binding to receptors, existing blood vessels may shrink away from tumor, prevents new vessels from forming

37
Q

herceptin anti her2 ab

A

immunotherapy
normal: her2 receptors send signals telling cells to grow and divide
breast cancer: too many her2 receptors send signals too quickly, causing rapid cell growth
herceptin: stops her2 from signaling growth

38
Q

immunotherapy

A

type of cancer treatment designed to boost body’s natural defenses to fight cancer
uses substances either made by body or in lab to improve or restore immune function

39
Q

opdivo keytruda anti PDL abs

A

immunotherapy
-PD-1 expressed on antigen stimulated T cells & induces downstream signaling that inhibits T cell proliferation, cytokine release & cytotoxicity
-many tumors (melanoma) suppress cytotoxic T cell activity by expressing PD-1 ligand on cell surface
-anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies can reverse T-cell suppression and induce long lasting antitumor responses

40
Q

CAR T-cell therapy

A

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a way to get immune cells called T cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer by changing them in the lab so they can find and destroy cancer cells

41
Q

two forms of relapse after CAR-T cell infusions

A

antigen-positive relapse
antigen escape

42
Q

antigen-positive relapse

A

occurs in early phase
closely related to car-t cell persistance

43
Q

antigen escape/loss

A

occurs in later phases
alternative splicing primary cause, gradually develop into dominant clusters under strong immune pressure

44
Q

trogocytosis

A

Trogocytosis occurs when one cell contacts and quickly nibbles another cell and is characterized by contact between living cells and rapid transfer of membrane fragments with functional integrity. Many immune cells are involved in this process, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, APCs

45
Q

cytokine release syndrome

A

a condition that may occur after treatment with some types of immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells
caused by large, rapid release of cytokines into blood from immune cells affected by the immunotherapy

46
Q

immunotherapy and the gut microbiome

A

composition of each persons gut microbiota plays significant role in efficacy of given treatments
goal is to determine as precisely as possibly which microbes confer beneficial effect and formulating a probiotic suspension of just those organisms

47
Q

historical spontaneous regressions of cancer

A

rhodenburg: 185 cases in 1918
fauvet: 202 cases 1960-1964
boyd: 98 cases 1966
everson & cole: 176 1900-1960
challis: 489 1900-1987
hobohm: meta analysis of 1000 cases, frequency estimated to be 1 in 100,000 cancers

48
Q

why study malignant melanoma in tumor immunology

A

visible
model for melanoma regression
occurs with auto-immunity to melanocyte self-antigens (vitiligio)
specific t-cell and humoral responses occur
vitiligo patterns may be template of antigen repertoire
immune system can recognize any tumor

49
Q

immonoassays and disease

A

serological reactions used for many diagnostic immunology tests and often use monoclonal antibodies (MBAS)
clinical diagnostic tests that use MBAS include typing of bacterial pathogens, identification of cells containing foreign surface antigens and highly specific blood and tissue typing, detect and treat cancer

50
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

produced by isolating single clones of B cells that are fused with cancer cells to make immortalized cell lines that produce a single type of antibody

51
Q

direct agglutination

A

results when soluble antibody causes clumping due to interaction with an antigen that is an integral part of the surface of a cell or other insoluble particle
used for classification of antigens found on surface of RBCs

52
Q

passive agglutination

A

the agglutination of soluble antigens or antibodies that have been absorbed or chemically coupled to cells or insoluble particles
reactions can be up to 5x more sensitive than direct agglutination

53
Q

enzyme immonoassay (EIA) or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

very sensitive immunological assay
widely used in clinical diagnostic & research
EIAS employ covalently bonded enzymes attached to antibody molecules
rapid tests similar to EIAS
both allow detection of antigen-antibody complexes

54
Q

rapid tests

A

similar to EIAS but results can be recorded in minutes not hours
provide point of care diagnostics
not as specific or sensitive
reagents absorbed to support material
body fluid applied to support matrix
matrix contains soluble antigen conjugated to colored molecule (chromophore) & line of fixed antigen which antibodies bind to, detect color change
ex. pregnancy, strep, hiv, covid, rsv tests

55
Q

immunoblot / western blot

A

electrophoresis of proteins, followed by transfer to a membrane & detection by addition of specific antibodies
immunoblot methods detect antibodies to specific antigens or antigens themselves
ex. hiv antibodies, confirmatory test for hiv rapid test

Microbio 310 (6 decks)

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