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Biology 242 Exam 1 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

This eukaryote supergroup contains diplomonadida, parabasalids, and euglenozoans.

A

Excavata

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2
Q

This eukaryote supergroup has been proposed due to DNA similarity and the common ancestor engulfed a single-celled red alga through endosymbiosis. (Includes dinoflagellates and apicomplexans)

A

Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria (SAR)

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3
Q

This eukaryote supergroup is proposed due to DNA evidence descended from a common ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium. Includes rhodophyta, chlorophyta.

A

Archaeplastida

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4
Q

This eukaryote supergroup contains animals and fungi and have mitochondria. Includes opisthokonts and amoebozoans.

A

Unikonta

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5
Q

Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote cell size.

A

Pro - small (.1 - 10 microns)

Euk - large (10 - 100 microns)

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6
Q

Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote DNA and chromosomes.

A

Pro - no histones, simple and circular, in nucleoid region.

Euk - histones, linear DNA on several chromosomes, in nucleus region within nuclear envelope.

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7
Q

Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote metabolism

A

Pro - no mitochondria or chloroplasts, done in cytoplasm

Euk - Occurs in mito and chloroplasts

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8
Q

Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote intracellular movement.

A

Pro - none

Euk - mitotic movement of chromosomes and via cytoskeleton

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9
Q

Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote flagella, cilia, cell walls

A

Pro - no ‘9 pairs plus 2’ pattern of microtubules, cell wall of disaccharide polymers

Euk - ‘9 pair + 2’ pattern of microtubules, no cell wall dissacharide polymer

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10
Q

This eukaryotic life cycle is observed in some algae and fungi. It results from the fusion of two haploid gametes in mitosis.

A

Zigotic life cycle

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11
Q

This eukaryotic life cycle is observed in humans and all other animals. It results from haploid gametes that fuse together.

A

Gametic life cycle

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12
Q

This eukaryotic life cycle happens in multicellular plants and show a regular alternation of generations, where there is a multicellular haploid adult stage that alternates with a multicellular diploid adult stage (sporophyte).

A

Sporic life cycle

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13
Q

The process where multiple fission is preceded by the fusion of gametes, seen in some apicomplexans.

A

Sporogony

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14
Q

When protists form gametes that are all alike and the same size.

A

Isogamy

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15
Q

When protists form gametes that are of two different sizes.

A

Anisogamy

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16
Q

How protists move.

A

Flagella (9+2 microtubules) and cilia

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17
Q

What pseudopodia thickens into a gel state that contains no organelles at the leading end to move.

A

Ectoplasm

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18
Q

The more soluble part that flows toward the end of pseudopodia to convert to ectoplasm for locomotion.

A

Endoplasm

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19
Q

These species use light energy.

A

Phototrophs

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20
Q

These species require at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source.

A

Heterotroph

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21
Q

Protists that consume whole organisms.

A

Holozoic (phagotrophs)

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22
Q

Protists that feed on food in fluid form.

A

Saprozoic (osmotrophs)

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23
Q

The distinct site where food vacuoles form in ciliates and flagellates.

A

Cytostome

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24
Q

Cell anus where waste vacuoles attach and materials are expelled by exocytosis.

A

Cytoproct

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25
Q

Ciliates can discharge these at potential predators or use these to capture food.

A

Trichocysts

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26
Q

Some freshwater species use these along with ATP to get rid of excess water.

A

Contractile vacuoles

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27
Q

When multiple fission forms many daughter cells are formed.

A

Schizogony

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28
Q

Amoebozoans use these large lobe-shaped structures for movement.

A

Pseudopodia

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29
Q

These few protists combine photsynthesis with heterotrophic modes of nutrition.

A

Mixotrophs

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30
Q

A ciliate has a large _____ for day-to-day activity of the cell and one or more _____ for sexual reproduction.

A

macronuclei, micronuclei

31
Q

These are heterotrophic, animal-like protists (ciliates, flagellates).

A

Protozoa

32
Q

These are photsynthetic, plant-like protists (red and green algae)

A

Algae

33
Q

Many protists form these to survive the bad times in an environment to leave the host and be exposed to the outer environment.

A

Cysts

34
Q

This supergroup includes Amoebozoans, opisthokonts (animals and fungi), plasmodial and cellular slime molds.

A

Unikonta

35
Q

These unikonts have a single posterior flagellum in their motile cells.

A

Opisthokonts

36
Q

These unikonts use large lobe-shaped pseudopodia for movement.

A

Amoebazoans

37
Q

These mycetozoa undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis, thus growing on each other.

A

Plasmodial slime molds

38
Q

Name and super group for red algae

A

Rhodophyta (Archaeplastida)

39
Q

Name and super group for green algae.

A

Chlorophyta (Archaeplastida)

40
Q

This super group includes: dinoflagellates (outer cellulose plates), apicomplexans (malaria), ciliates, diatoms (silicon dioxide walls), golden algae (chrysophyta), brown algae (kelps), water molds, and rhizaria.

A

SAR

41
Q

This SAR member has silicon dioxide in its cell walls.

A

Diatoms

42
Q

This SAR Rhizaria have outer shells of calcium carbonate.

A

Foraminiferans

43
Q

This SAR Rhizaria has an internal skeleton made of silica (glass).

A

Radiolarians

44
Q

This SAR member has one smooth flagellum and one hairy flagellum.

A

Stramenopila

45
Q

This super group includes diplomonadida (giardia lamblia), Parabasalids (trichomonas vaginalis), and Euglenozoans.

A

Excavata

46
Q

This Excavata member causes Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness).

A

Euglenozoans

47
Q

This Excavata member has mitosomes and some cause dysentery. They can be on the surface of the large intestine and steal food from you.

A

Diplomonadida

48
Q

This Excavata member have hydrogenosomes and include Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted parasite in humans.

A

Parabasalids

49
Q

What are unicellular eukaryotes that are the most diverse and among the most elaborate eukaryotes?

A

Protists

50
Q

What’s the advantage of conjugation in ciliates?

A

It increases genetic variability.

51
Q

Haploid gametes fuse -> diploid zygote -> zygote mitosis to produce multicellular adult. ONLY life cycle stage that is haploid is the single celled gamete.

A

Gametic life cycle

52
Q

Haploid gametes fuse -> diploid zygote -> zygote meiosis creating haploid spores -> spores undergo mitosis to develop haploid multicellular adult organism -> some of these haploid cells till later develop into gametes by mitosis. ONLY diploid cell is the zygote itself.

A

Zygotic life cycle

53
Q

In this life cycle, gametes and spores can be haploid or diploid. Plants show an alternation of generations between the gametophyte (haploid adult) and the sporophyte (diploid adult).

A

Sporic life cycle

54
Q

What super group? Rhodophyta

A

Archaeaplastida

55
Q

What super group? Animals and fungi

A

Unikonta (ospithokonts)

56
Q

What super group? Amoebazoans

A

Unikonta

57
Q

What super group? Plants

A

Archaeaplastida

58
Q

What super group? Chlorophyta

A

Archaeaplastida

59
Q

What super group? Water molds

A

SAR (stramenopila)

60
Q

What super group? Slime molds

A

Unikonta (amoebazoans)

61
Q

What super group? Golden algae

A

SAR (stramenopila)

62
Q

What super group? Brown algae (Kelps)

A

SAR (stramenopila)

63
Q

What super group? Dinoflagellates (red tides)

A

SAR (alveolata)

64
Q

What super group? Ciliates

A

SAR (alveolata)

65
Q

What super group? Apicomplexicans (malaria)

A

SAR (alveolata)

66
Q

What super group? Diatoms (silicon dioxide)

A

SAR (stramenopila)

67
Q

What super group? Foraminiferans (calcium carbonate shell)

A

SAR (rhizaria)

68
Q

What super group? Radiolarians (internal silica/glass)

A

SAR (rhizaria)

69
Q

What super group? Diplimonadia (dysentery/intestines)

A

Excavata

70
Q

What super group? Guardia Lamblia

A

Excavata (Diplimonadia)

71
Q

What super group? Parabasalids

A

Excavata

72
Q

What super group? Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Excavata (parabasalids)

73
Q

What super group? Euglenozoans

A

Excavata

74
Q

What super group? Tryponosoma (sleeping sickness)

A

Excavata (euglenozoans)

Biology 242 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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