Chapter 26

Question 1

What’s the study of the pattern and history of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms?

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

What is the field of biology that is involved in naming, describing and classifying organisms, including extant and extinct species?

Answer 2

Taxonomy

Question 3

What is the hierarchical classification groups, from broad to specific?

Answer 3

Domain–>Kingdom–>Phylum–>Class–>Order–>Family–>Genus–>Species

Question 4

What is the two-part name each species has?

Answer 4

Genus-specific epithet (Capitalized first and both italicized). Together the genus and specific epithet identify the species.

Question 5

What are secondary taxonomic categories?

Answer 5

super-, sub-, infra- (superorder - order - suborder - infraorder - superfamily - family - subfamily - infrafamily)

Question 6

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 6

Physical separation of two populations of a species that results in two distinct species where no gene flow occurs between them.

Question 7

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 7

When a new species is formed within the range of the parent population and reproductive isolation occurs without geographic isolation.

Question 8

This way of depicting a phylogenic tree is constructed from a series of dichotomies.

Answer 8

Cladogram

Question 9

This type of phyletic evolution is the transformation of one entire species lineage over time into another
through time.

Answer 9

Anagenesis (less common)

Question 10

Type of evolution that is the budding off of one or more new species from a parental species that continues to exist and which may coexist with the ‘daughter’
species for some time.

Answer 10

Cladogenesis (more common) also known as branching evolution or divergent evolution

Question 11

This taxon includes the single ancestral species and all species descended from that ancestral species. This taxon is preferred.

Answer 11

Monophyletic taxon

Question 12

This taxon is one where the members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. This taxon is missing many species and the common ancestor, and is most incomplete.

Answer 12

Polyphyletic taxon

Question 13

This taxon is one that excludes some species that share a common ancestor with the rest of the species of the group. This is usually missing an extant species but the common ancestor is still included.

Answer 13

Paraphyletic taxon

Question 14

This is a BYPRODUCT of hydrogenosomes.

Answer 14

Hydrogen gas (H2)

Question 15

These are the ONLY site of nitrogen fixation in the bacteria (the process of taking atmospheric nitrogen and converting it to an organic/usable form, like ammonia.) Neither plants nor animals can use nitrogen found in air, which is why these guys are so important!

Answer 15

Heterocysts

Question 16

The process in taxonomy where various things (books, clouds, species, etc.) are identified
and grouped together into groups.

Answer 16

Classification

Question 17

The field of biology concerned with the identification of the evolutionary relationships
among species through time.

Answer 17

Systematics

Question 18

What are the taxonomic categories from most to least inclusive?

Answer 18

D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S

Question 19

Similarities between two species that evolved independently from different features in their common ancestor, but adapt to the same environment.

Answer 19

Convergence

Question 20

Very different structures, but used for similar function. (like bird wings and butterfly wings)

Answer 20

Analogous structures (bird and butterfly wings)

Question 21

Very similar structures, but used for different functions. (like mammalian forelimbs in humans, cats, whales).

Answer 21

Homologous structures (forelimbs in humans and whales)

Question 22

Similarity in appearance of two groups due to independent evolutionary change. They happen to look similarly by chance.

Answer 22

Homoplasy

Question 23

An advanced trait or condition is lost and thus the organism reverts back to using a primitive trait.

Answer 23

Reversion

Question 24

Living species

Answer 24

Extant

Question 25

Fossil species

Answer 25

Extinct

Question 26

This concept provides a way to determine which evolutionary tree minimizes the possible confusing effects of homoplasies. Simple explanations are preferred over complex explanations.

Answer 26

Parsimony

Question 27

A specialized or derived trait

Answer 27

Apomorphy

Question 28

A primitive or ancestral trait

Answer 28

Plesiomorphy

Question 29

A derived trait that is unique to one group in a clade.

Answer 29

Autapomorphy

Question 30

A derived trait shared by two or more groups in a clade.

Answer 30

Synapomorphy

Question 31

A shared primitive trait.

Answer 31

Symplesiomorphy

Question 32

A population whose members have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce offspring with members of other species.

Answer 32

Biological species concept

Question 33

What are Whittaker’s five kingdom scheme?

Answer 33

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Question 34

What are Woese’s three domains?

Answer 34

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 35

A branch that consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants?

Answer 35

Clade

Question 36

A species or group that is related to the various species of interest, but known to be less closely related than any study-group members are to each other.

Answer 36

Outgroup