Chapter 28

Question 1

Western Front

Answer 1

a line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to North Sea; scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain on the other

Question 2

Faisal

Answer 2

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in WWI, the British made him king of Iraq in 1921 and he reined under british protection until 1933

Question 3

Theodore Herzl

Answer 3

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urginig the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine

Question 4

Balfour Declaration

Answer 4

statement issued by Britains Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the est. of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine

Question 5

Bolsheviks

Answer 5

radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903; under Lenins leadership they seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution

Question 6

Vladimir Lenin

Answer 6

leader of Bolshevik (later communist) Party. lived in exile in Switz. until 1917 then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Rev. and the civil war that followed.

Question 7

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 7

Pres. of US (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919; was unable to persuade the US congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the league of nations

Question 8

14 points

Answer 8

a peace program presented to the US Congress by Woodrow WIlson in Jan. 1918; called for evacuation of German occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by he self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity; it was rejected by Germany, but made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of WWI

Question 9

League of Nations

Answer 9

international organization founded in 1919 to promot world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the US to join; it proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 30s, and it was superseded by the UN in 1945

Question 10

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 10

the treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the US and other allied powers after wwi; demanded that germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland; it was resented by many germans

Question 11

New economic policy

Answer 11

policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1923 to encourage the revival of the Soviet
economy by allowing small private enterprises; Joseph Stalin ended the NEP in 1928 and replaced it with a series of
Five-Year Plans

Question 12

Sun Yat-Sen

Answer 12

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death; he attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders

Question 13

Yuan Shikai

Answer 13

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916); he stood in the way of the
democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen

Question 14

Guomindang

Answer 14

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912; after 1925, the
party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian government

Question 15

Mandate System

Answer 15

allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after
World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision

Question 16

Chiang Kai-Shek

Answer 16

Chinese military and political leader; succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang in 1925;
headed the Chinese government from 1928 to 1949; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders;
after 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan

Question 17

Ataturk

Answer 17

the founder of modern Turkey; he distinguished himself in the defense of Gallipoli in World War I and
expelled a Greek expeditionary army from Anatolia in 1921-1922; he replaced the Ottoman Empire with the
Turkish Republic in 1923; as president, he pushed through a radical Westernization and reform of Turkish society

Question 18

Margaret Sanger

Answer 18

American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences
and established birth control clinics

Question 19

Max Planck

Answer 19

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in
1918

Question 20

Albert Einstein

Answer 20

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass
are relative to each other and not fixed

Question 21

Sigmund Freud

Answer 21

Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis; he argued that psychological problems were
caused by traumas, especially sexual experiences in early childhood, that were repressed in later life; his ideas caused
considerable controversy among psychologists and in the general public; although his views on repressed sexuality
are no longer widely accepted, his psychoanalytic methods are still very influential

Question 22

Wilbur and Orville Wright

Answer 22

American bicycle mechanics; the first to build and fly an airplane, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 7, 1903