Chapter 28 Flashcards
Scientific Knowledge Base
Nature of infection definition
Infection- the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms resulting in disease.
Entry and multiplication of organisms result in disease
Chain Of Infection
- Infectious agent or pathogen
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Mode of Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Host
Colonization occurs
When a microorganism invades the host but does not cause infection
Define immunocoprmised
Having an impaired immune system
Define Virulence
The ability to produce disease
Define Aerobic Bacteria
Require oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease
Define Anaerobic Bacteria
Thrice where little or no free oxygen is available
Define Bacteriostasis
Prevention of growth and reproduction of bacteria
Define Bactericidal
Destructive to bacteria
Define Communicable Disease
The infectious process transmitted from one person to another
Define Symptomatic
If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms
Define asymptomatic
If clinical signs and symptoms are not present
Hand Hygiene
Most important technique to use in preventing and controlling transmission of infection
The Four Stages of the Infectious process
- Incubation Period
- Prodromal Stage
- Illness Stage
- Convalescence
* localized vs systemic infection
Defenses Against Infection
- normal flora(microorganisms)
- Body Systems (organisms)
- Inflammation(vascular & cellular responses)
- signs of local inflammation and infection are identical
Healthcare associated infection
-results from delivery of healthcare services in a healthcare Facility
Patients who are at greater risk for healthcare associated infections (HAI)
- multiple illnesses
- older adults
- poorly nourished
- lower resistance to infection
Types of healthcare associated infection (HAI)
- Latrogenic - from a procedure
- Exogenous - from microorganisms outside the individual
- Endogenous - when the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results
HAI Risk Factors
- number of healthcare employees with direct contact with the patient
- types and numbers of invasion procedures
- therapy receive
- length of hospitalization
Major sites for HAI infection
- surgical or traumatic wounds
- urinary and respiratory tracks
- bloodstream
Factors that influence infection prevention and control
Age nutritional status stress disease process treatments or conditions that compromise that immune response
Nursing process: assessment part 1.
Assessment includes a thorough investigation. Reviewing : systems, travel history. Immunization and vaccinations
Nursing process:
assessment part two
- early recognition of risk factors
- see through the patients eyes
- Status of defense mechanism
- patient Susceptibility
- clinical appearance (signs and symptoms of infection
- laboratory Data
Nursing process: NURSING DIAGNOSIS For Infection
- imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements
- impaired oral mucous membranes
- risk for impaired skin integrity
- social isolation
- readiness for enhanced immunization status
Nursing Process: Planning
-Goals & Outcomes
-common goals: preventing exposure to infectious organisms
Controlling of reducing the extent of infection
Maintaining resistance to infection
Verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control techniques (hand hygiene)
Nursing Process: Planning pt 2
- Setting priorities: Establish priorities for each diagnosis and for related goals of care
- Teamwork and Collaboration: Remember to plan care and include other disciplines as necessary
Implementation pt 1
- Health Promotion: preventing an infection from developing or spreading
- Acute Care: Treating an infectious process includes eliminating the infectious organisms and supporting the patients defenses
When implementing care consider:
- Medical and surgical asepsis
- Control or illumination of infectious agents
- control or illumination of reservoirs
- Control of portals of entry
- control of transmission
- hand hygiene
- isolation precautions
Implementation: Asepsis & Aseptic Technique Definition
Asepsis- Absence of pathogenic microorganisms
As.Techn- Practices/Procedures that assist in reducing the risk for infection
Define Medical Asepsis or Clean Technique
Includes procedures for reducing the number of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms
Define Surgical Asepsis or sterile technique
Prevents contamination of an open wound, served to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery
Standard precautions
Prevent and control infection and as it spreads
Apply to contact with blood. Body fluid, nonIntact skin and mucous membranes from all patient
Hand Hygiene
Hand washing
Hand hygiene includes…
Using an Instant alcohol hand and antiseptic back before and after providing patient care, washing hands with soap and water when they are visibly soiled, and performing a surgical scrub
Handwashing is
The act of hands with soap and water, followed by rinsing under a stream of water for 15 seconds
Disinfection definition
A process that eliminates many or all Microorganisms, with the expectation of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects
Sterilization definition
The complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms including spores
Infection prevention and control
- patients safety (separate personal care items, handling Solid and fluid waste, wound cleaning
- patient education
- cough etiquette
- isolation and isolation precautions
- surgical asepsis
Cough Etiquette
- Cover your nose/mouth of the tissue when you called and promptly dispose of that contaminated tissue
- place a surgical mask on a patient if it does not compromise respiratory function
- perform hand hygiene affect contact with contaminated respiratory secretions
- contain separation greater than 3 feet from persons with respiratory infection
Isolation & isolation precautions definition
Isolation is the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases
Ex airborne, droplet, contact, and protective environment
Surgical Asepsis
- patient preparation
- sterile field
- Principles
- Performing Sterile Procedures
Define sterile field
An area free of microorganisms and prepared to sterile items
Principles of surgical Aspesis
- A sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object
- Only sterile objects may be placed on a sterile field
- A sterile object or field out of the range of vision or an object held below an person’s waist is contaminated
- A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolong expose to a air
Principles of Surgical Asepsis pt 2
- What a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet contained surface, the sterile object comes contaminated by capillary action
- Guild flows in the direction of gravity
- The edges of a sterile field of gravity
- The edges of a sterile field or container are considered contaminated
Performing Sterile Procedures
-donning & removing caps,makes and eyewear, masks and eyewash
-opening sterile packages
- preparing a sterile field
- pouring sterile solutions
- surgical scrub
Applying a sterile gloves
_donning a sterile glow
Evaluation
See through the patient’s eyes
-patients outcome
Exposure tissue
