Chapter 28

Question 1

“Tokens” are earned when the learner engages in the chosen target behavior. The learner can then exchange those tokens they have earned for a backup reinforcer such as a preferred item or activity

Answer 1

Token economy

Question 2

Why are tokens generalized reinforces?

Answer 2

Tokens are generalized conditioned reinforcers because they are paired with a variety of backup reinforcers that can change future occurrences of the target behavior. In this case not only one form of reinforcement has the ability to produce change in behavior, but many different forms of reinforcement do.

Question 3

the learner moves up different tiers contingent on the criteria specific to their target behaviors. While they move up the tiers, they gain access to more privileges while they are also expected to be more independent. The first assumption level systems are based on is combined techniques, meaning that they are more effective when they are combined with other techniques rather than implemented on their own. Second, the behaviors and expectations of the students must be very clearly defined. Lastly, the use of differential reinforcement is needed to reinforce approximations of the behavior as the student moves to the next level.

Answer 3

A level system

Question 4

-identify the target behavior and rules
-selection of the tokens
-develop a menu of backup reinforcers
- establish a token exchange ratio
-determine how the tokens will be exchanged
-specify what happens if token requirements are not met
- field-test the system before full implementation
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Answer 4

six steps for designing token economy

Question 5

the consequence or reinforcer is contingent on the behavior of the entire group, the behavior of only some of the group, or the behavior of only one person in the group.

Answer 5

group contingency

Question 6

contingency is presented to all members of group, reinforcement is delivered only to those who meet criterion outlined in the contingency

Answer 6

independent group contingency

Question 7

reward for the whole group is dependent on the performance of an individual student or small group

Answer 7

dependent group contingency

Question 8

all members of the group must meet the criterion of the contingency (individually and as a group) before any members earn the reward

Answer 8

interdependent group contingency