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BIO Exam 4 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

LUCA stands for…

A

last universal common ancestor

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2
Q

Archaea structure

A

small; genome is a single, closed circular DNA molecule; plasma membrane single lipid layer with branched side chains

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3
Q

What type of environments do Halophiles live in?

A

salty habitats (12-15%)

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4
Q

What type of environments do Thermoacidophiles live in?

A

extremely hot, acidic, aquatic environments

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5
Q

What type of environments do Methanogens live in?

A

anaerobic environments like swamps and intestines of animals.

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6
Q

Methanogens use ___ ____ and ____ as energy sources.

A

carbon dioxide, hydrogen

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7
Q

Microbiology is the study of microbes. Specifically what? (three things)

A

Archaea, bacteria, viruses

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8
Q

What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe?

A

small enough that a microscope is required to see them

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9
Q

Miller’s laboratory experiments showed that

A

the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.

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10
Q

Which kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

A

Oxygen (O2)

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11
Q

Considering the various theories, the energy used in forming organic molecules in the primitive atmosphere could have come from all EXCEPT

A. lightning.
B. ultraviolet radiation.
C. heat from volcanoes.
D. sound.

A

D. sound.

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12
Q

What is the evolutionary relationship among archaea, bacteria, and eukarya?

A

Archaea and eukarya share nucleic acid similarities, so eukarya split off from archaea.

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13
Q

A new classification by domains separates prokaryotes into

A

Archaea and Bacteria.

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14
Q

One bacterial cell passes DNA to a second cell through a sex pilus in the process of

A

conjugation

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15
Q

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium pieces that were released from dead bacteria in a process called

A

transformation

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16
Q

example of a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria

A

Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.

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17
Q

Which type of genetic exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a virus?

A

transduction

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18
Q

True or False? Bacteria contain a nucleus.

A

False

19
Q

True or False? Bacteria lack ribosomes.

A

False

20
Q

True or False? Bacteria usually lack a cell wall.

A

False

21
Q

True or False? Bacteria contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.

A

True

22
Q

True or False? Bacteria reproduce sexually.

A

False

23
Q

True or False? Bacteria have a single circular chromosome.

A

True

24
Q

The capsid of a virus is composed of

A

protein.

25
Q

T or F? Viruses’s genome may be DNA or RNA.

A

True

26
Q

T or F? Viruses contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria.

A

False

27
Q

T or F? Viruses exhibit host specificity

A

True

28
Q

T or F? Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

A

True

29
Q

The innermost core of a virus’s structure is made up of

A

either DNA or RNA.

30
Q

A viral envelope describes

A

the outer layer of some viruses composed of the host’s plasma membrane

31
Q

Which of these is the most accurate description of a virus?

A. a noncellular living organism
B. one of the smallest bacteria known
C. a cell at the boundary between living and nonliving things
D. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein

A

D. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein

32
Q

Viruses are…

A

acellular

33
Q

The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a mature capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is

A

assembly

34
Q

Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell?

A

attachment stage

35
Q

When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell during the entry stage,

A

the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome

36
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or “mad cow disease,” is caused by a(n)

A

prion

37
Q

Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other normal proteins in the cell to also become these agents. This new disease protein agent is called a(n)

A

prion

38
Q

Who invented the term “virus”?

A

Louis Pasteur

39
Q

Cyanobacteria do…

A

photosynthesis similar to green plants.

40
Q

The process of bacterial reproduction is referred to as

A

binary fission

41
Q

The first membranes that formed before full cells were likely made of

A

fatty acids

42
Q

Which type of archaean is likely to be found in the intestines of animals?

A

Methanogen

43
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

improved microscope lenses to allow him to see tiny organisms he called animalcules.

44
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation.

BIO Exam 4 (5 decks)

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