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Biology: A&P II Lecture > Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone does Dehydration stimulate?

A

This change stimulates the kidneys to release Renin, which promotes Angiotensin II.

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1
Q

The main source of water for the body is through

A

ingested liquids (1600mL) daily

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1
Q

Metabolic water is a result of

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Metabolic water that is produced in the body mainly when electrons are accepted by oxygen during…

P. 1112

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2
Q

What does ECF stand for?

A

Extracellular Fluid

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2
Q

The 3rd main source of water is through

A

Metabolic water (200 mL) daily:

  • during Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Dehydration Synthesis
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3
Q

How does renin promote Angiotensin II

A
  1. Lowered blood pressure stimulates certain cells of the kidneys, juxtaglomerular cells, to secrete the enzyme Renin.
  2. The level of Renin in the blood increases.
  3. Renin converts Angiotensinogen, a plasma protein produced by the liver, into Angiotensin I.
  4. Blood containing increased levels of Angiotensin I circulates in the body.
  5. As blood flows through capillaries, particularly those of the lungs, the enzyme Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I inot the Hormone Angiotensin II.

P. 704 Ch. 18

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3
Q

The 2nd main source of water for the body is through

A

Ingested foods (700 mL) Daily:

  • moist foods absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
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3
Q

(T/F) Decreased blood sodium levels may cause cells to swell because of decreased interstitial fluid osmolarity.

A

True:

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4
Q

**(T/F) An increase in blood pH along with a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration will decrease the rate and depth of breathing.

A
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5
Q

(T/F) In the phosphate buffer system, monohydrogen phosphate can act as a weak acid, while dihydrogen phosphate acts as a weak base.

A

False:

In the phosphate buffer system, monohydrogen phosphate can act as a weak base, while dihydrogen phosphate acts as a weak acid.

P. 1120-1121

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6
Q

In the body, Acid-Base Balance depends on..

A
  1. Buffer Systems
  2. Exhalation of carbon dioxide
  3. Kidney excretionof H+ ions
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7
Q

What stimulates thirst? (Dehydration)

A
  • Decreased Blood Volume –> Decreased Blood pressure –> Increase Renin Release by juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys –> increased Angiotensin II formation —–> Stimulates thirst center in Hyopothalamus –> Increases thirst –> Normal
  • Increased Blood Osmolarity –> Stimulatates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus —–> Stimulates thirst center in Hyopothalamus –> Increases thirst –> Normal
  • Decreased flow of Saliva –> Dry mouth and pharynx —-> Stimulates thirst center in Hyopothalamus –> Increases thirst –> Normal
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8
Q

What is Interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid in between cells.

Examples:

  • Lymph in lymphatic vessels
  • Cerebrospinal fluid in the NS
  • Synovial fluid in joints
  • Aqueous humor and vVtreous Body in the eyes
  • Endolymph and Perilymph in the ears
  • Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal Fluids between serous membranes.

P. 1111

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9
Q

(T/F) Becuase of the involvement of carbon dioxide in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, this buffer system provides protection against pH changes due to respiratory problems that lead to an excess or shortage of carbon dioxide.

A

False

  • Because CO2 and H2O combine to form H2CO3, this buffer system cannot protect against pH changes due to respiratory problems in which there is an excess or shortage of CO2

P. 1120

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10
Q

ACE inhibitors can lower blood pressure because inhibiting ACE

A

prevents formation of Angiotensin II

P. 704 Ch. 18 (Adrenal Glands)

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11
Q

This are commonly used to allow exchange of water and solutes among body fluid compartments.

A
  • Filtration
  • Active Transport
  • Diffuision
  • Osmosis

NOT commonly used to allow exchange of water and solutes among body fluid compartments

Phagocytosis

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13
Q

(T/F) Sodium/Potassium Pumps maintain a high extracellular concentration of potassium and a high intracellular concentration of sodium.

A

False: Sodium/Potassium Pumps maintain a high extracellular concentration of SODIUM (Na+) and a high intracellular concentration of Potassium (K+).

  • A Primary Active Transport, Na+/K+ Pumps or (Na+/K+ ATPase) - it expels sodium ions (Na+) from the cells and brings potassium ions (K+) in.

P. 73 Ch.3

  • These sodium/potassium pumps maintain a low concentration of Na+ in the Cytosol/Intracellular fluid by pumping these ions into the extracellular fluid against the Na+ concentration gradient. At the same time, the pumps moke K+ into cells against the K+ concentration gradient.

P. 74 Ch3

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14
Q

What plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte concentrations in the body fluid compartments.

A

Osmosis: Primary means of water movement between intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid.

P. 1112

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16
Q

What is ECF?

A

ECF is fluid outside the cell.

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17
Q

(T/F) Depression of the central nervous system is one of the major physiological effect of acidosis.

A

True

  • The major physiological effect of acidosis is depressionn of the central nervous system through depression of Synaptic Transmission.

P. 1123 (Acid-Base Imbalances)

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19
Q

What does a sodium/potasium pump do?

A

These sodium/potassium pumps maintain a low concentration of Na+ in the Cytosol/Intracellular fluid by pumping these ions into the extracellular fluid against the Na+ concentration gradient. At the same time, the pumps moke K+ into cells against the K+ concentration gradient.

P. 74 Ch3

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21
Q

(T/F) Another Term for intracellular fluid is interstitial fluid.

A

False: antother name for Intracellular fluid is Cytosol

  • Intracellular Fluid or Cytosol: the fluid withn cells
  • Interstitial Fluid: fluid between the cells

P. 1111

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22
Q

Function of a buffer system

A
  • Buffers act quickly to temporarily bind H+ ions removing the highly reactive, excess H+ from solution.
  • Buffers thus raise pH of body fluids but do not remove H+ ions from the body.

P. 1118

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23
Q

Exhalation of carbon dioxide, how does it help with adid-base balance?

A

By increasing the rate and depth of breathing, more carbon dioxide can be exhaled.

Note: Within minutes this reduces the level of carbonic acid in blood, which raises the blood pH (reduces blood H+ level).

P. 1118

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24
Q

(T/F) The loss of too much water in vomit can cause dehdration, metabolic alkalosis, and hypernatremia.

A

True

P. 1119 (Table 27.2)

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25
Q

(T/F) Metabolic water contributes about half of the daily gain.

A

False

  • Metabolic water contributes about 1/12 (8%) of the daily water gain.
  • Ingested Foods contributes about 1/4 (28%) of the water gain.
  • Ingested liquids contributes about a little more than 1/2 (68%) of the daily water gain.
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26
Q
A
28
Q

(T/F) Excess hydrogen ions in the body are often produced by metabolic reactions.

A

True: In this case, strong acids release H+ ions more rapidly and thus contribute more free hydrogen ions.

P. 1120

29
Q

When water loss is great than water gained. It is

A

Dehydration

30
Q

What is Dehydration? And what does Dehydration stimulate?

A

Dehydration: a decrease in volume and an increase in osmolarity of body fluids.

It stimulates thirst

P. 1112

31
Q

What are Electrolytes?

A
  • an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive (+ions) and negative (-ions) in solution

P. 34 Ch.2

  • Inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions

P. 1112 Ch. 27

32
Q

A major physiological effect of alkalosis is…

A

Overexcitability in both the central nervous system and peripheral nerves.

P. 1123 (Acid-Base Imbalance)

33
Q

The Primary trigger of ADH secretion is

A

increased blood osmolarity

P. 1114

34
Q

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

A

ADH ( Antidiuretic Hormone)

P. 1114

35
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

produced by neurosecretory cells of the Hypothalamus and it is stored in the Posterior Pituitary

P. 1114

36
Q

What does thirst Stimulate

A

the increase in osmolarity stimulates ADH also known as vasopressin

37
Q

What does ADH promote?

A

ADH promostes insertion of water-channel proteins (aquaporin-2) into apical membranes of principal cells in collecting ducts of kidneys.

P. 1114

38
Q

What is the result of ADH?

A

the effect of ADH, water permeability of theses cells increases and more water is reabsorbed.

P. 1114

39
Q

The coma and convulsions seen with water intoxication are caused by

A

swelling of cells due to interstitial sodium Na+ content.

P. 1115 (Movement of water between body Fluid Compartments)

40
Q

What other factors can stimulate ADH?

A
  1. A large decrease in blood volume, (detected by baroreceptors in L Atrium and Blood vessel walls).
  2. In severe dehydration, glomerular filtration rate decreases. (so less water is lost in urine)
  3. The intake of too much water increases blood pressure, causing glomrerular filtration to rise and more to be lost in urine.

In all ADH secretion will help conserve body fluids

41
Q

Drinking to much water causes what? and why?

A
  • the what:

Water Intoxication

  • The why:

A decrease in osmolarity of interstitial fluid, (from drinking to much water), inhibits secretiion of ADH.

Normally, kidneys secrete the excess water through urine but if too much water is consumed, the kidneys can keep up resulting in water intoxication. (a state in which excessive body water causes cells to swell dangerously)

P. 1115

42
Q

What is water intoxication?

A

a state in which excessive body water causes cells to swell dangerously.

  • Due to decreased osmolarity of interstitial fluid. (decreased Na+ in interstitial fluid)

P. 1115

43
Q

Functions of Ions in the body

A
  • Serve as enzyme cofactors
  • Help maintain acid-base balance
  • Control osmosis of water beween fluid compartments
  • Carry electrical current

P. 1115 (.2 Electrolytes in body fluids)

44
Q

The primary difference in electrolyte concentration between blood plasm and interstitial fluid is that

A

blood plasma has many more protein anions.

in contrast to interstitial fluid, has very few protein anions.

  • this is mainly due to the impermeable membrane which only a few plasma proteins leak out.
  • this difference in plasma protein is largely responsible for the blood colloid osmatic pressure excerted by blood plasma

P. 1116 (Concentration of Electrolytes in body fluids)

45
Q

Hypovolemia related to sodium Na+ loss is most commonly associated with

A

insufficient Aldosterone secretion

46
Q

The Na+ level in the blood is controlled by

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Antidiueretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

P. 1116 (Sodium)

47
Q

How does Aldosterone control Na+ level in blood?

A

Aldosterone increases renal reabsorption of Na+

48
Q

How does ADH control Na+ level in blood?

A

(Indirectly) When the blood plasma concentration of Na+ drops below 135 mEq/liter, (condition called hyponatremia), ADH release ceases.

Note: the lack of ADH in turn permits greater excretion of water in urine and restoration of the normal Na+ level in ECF.

P. 1116 (Sodium)

49
Q

How does Atrial Natruretic Peptide control Na+ level in blood?

A

ANP increases Na+ excretion by the kidneys when the Na+ level is above normal, (condition called Hypernatremia)

P. 1116 (sodiium)

50
Q

Low blood calcium levels will stimulate

A

release of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

P. 1117 (calcium)

51
Q

What stimulates PTH?

A

a low level of Ca2+ in blood plasma

p. 1117 (calcium)

52
Q

what are the effects of PTH?

A

the release of PTH stimulates osteoclast (bone resorption) in bone tissue to release calcium (and phosphate) from the bones extracellular matrix.

Note: Calcitonin (secreted by the Thyroid Gland) inhibits PTH

  • PTH increases bone resorption.
  • PTH enchances reabsorption of Ca2+ from glomerular filtrate through renal tubule cells and back into blood
  • PTH increases production of calcitriol (form Vit-D that actsas a hormone) which inturn increase reabsorptoin of Ca2+ from food in GI tract.
53
Q

what does bone resorption do?

A

stimulated by PTH, osteoblast release calcium and phosphate from bones extracellular matrix (membrane)

54
Q

What is involved in the regulation of Phosphate levels?

A
  • PTH: promotes osteoclast in which releases both Calcium and Phosphate, but although it promotes Ca2+ reabsorptoin, it inhibits HPO4 (phosphate) reabsorption at renal tubular cells.
  • Calcitriol: promotes HPO4 (phosphate) and Ca2+ absorptoin at GI tract.
  • Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) - a polypeptide paracrine (local hormone): it decreases HPO42- blood levels by increasing HPO42- excretion by the kidnesy and decreasing absorption of HPO42- by the GI tract.

NOT involved: Calcitonin which inhibits PTH, and lowers blood Ca2+ levels

P. 1117 - 1118

55
Q

The most rapid way of restoring pH homeostasis is through the

A

Chemical buffer system

56
Q

Proteins may act as buffers because

A

the free carboxyl group can release hydrogen ions

57
Q

What are the main Chemical Buffers?

A
  • Protein Buffer System:

Carboxyl Group —-> Amino Group —COOH —> NH2

  • **Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System: **

Carbonic: can act as a weak acid H2CO3

Bicarbonate: can act as a weak base HCO3-

  • Phosphate Buffer System:

dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4-: act as a weak acid

monohydrogen phosphate HPO42- : acting as a weak base

  • Metabolic Buffer System:
58
Q

These are true about bicorbanate ions.

A

Carbonate Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System:

Bicarbonate

  • the kidneys are capable of synthesizing new bicabonate ions
  • the kidneys can reabsorb bicarbonate ions
  • bicarbonate ions act in a chemical buffer system as a weak base
  • there are about twenty times more bicarbonate ions than carbonic acid molecules in the carbonic aci-bicarbonic buffer system

Not True about Bicarbonate

Bicarbonate ions are excreted in the urine in proportion to hydrogen ion excretion

59
Q

Kidney Excretion of H+ through

A
  • Hydrogen ions are secreted by Na+/H+ antiporters in the proximal tubules
  • H+ATPases (proton pumps) in the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions
  • Cl-/HCO3- antiporters help with hydrogen ion reabsorption

P. 1122

60
Q

Atrial Natiuretic Peptide helps to regulate the volume and osmoarity of body fluid by

A

increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water

61
Q

Electrolytes do not function in the body…

A

act as enzymes in some metabolic pathways

62
Q

An infant with sever diarrhea and vomiting may experience greater problems with fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance than an adult with the same disorder because

A

more of an infants body mass is water

63
Q

A hypotonic ECF will

A
  • will cause body cells to swell
  • occurs when individual are overhydrated
64
Q

Increase blood volume, increase sodium reabsorption, increase potassium excretion.

A

Aldosterone

65
Q

This electrolyte is the most abundant extracellular anion, important in the formation of stomach acid, and helps balance negative charges across compartments.

A

Cl-

66
Q

Which of the following electrolytes is an important structural component to a cell and also acts as an inrtracellular buffer?

A

HPO42- Phosphate

Biology: A&P II Lecture (3 decks)

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