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Biology: A&P II Lecture > Chapter 26: The Urinary system > Flashcards

Chapter 26: The Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

Urinary system consists of.

A
  • Kidneys (Major)
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Urine is produced by….

A

Nephrons within the Kidneys

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3
Q

Functions of the Urinary System.

A
  1. Kidneys: regulate blood volume and composition; Help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levles; Produce two hormones (Calcitrol and Erythropoietin); and excrete wastes in urin.
  2. Ureters: transport urine form kidneys to urinary bladder.
  3. Urinary bladder: stores urine expels it into urethra.
  4. Urethra: discharges urine from body.
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4
Q

The Urinary System Filters blood by

A

removing waste and return most of water and solutes to the bloodstream

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5
Q

Kidney Functions:

A
  • Regulation of blood ionic composition
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Regulation of blood Volume
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Maintenance of blood osmolarity
  • Regulation of blood glucose level
  • Production of hormones
  • Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
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6
Q

Kidneys: What is excreted/ waste

A
  • Amonia and Urea: deamination of Amino acids
  • Bilirubin: catabolism of Hemoglobin
  • Creatine: from Creatine Phosphate from muscle fibers
  • Uric Acid: catabolism of Nucliec Acid
  • Foreign Substances: diet, drugs & toxins
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7
Q

Kidneys: Produces Hormones, how many and what are they?

A
  • produces 2 horomones
  • Calcitrol and Erythropoietin
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8
Q

Out of the 2 hormones produced by the kidneys, which one stimulates production of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

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9
Q

Out of the 2 hormones produced by the kidneys, which one is the active form of Vitamin D, that helps regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitriol

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10
Q

What is osmolarity ?

A

is a measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution

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11
Q

Kidneys: Maintenance of Osmolarity

A

by separately regulating loss of water of solutes in the urine, the kidneys maintain a relativiely constant blood osmolarity close to 300 milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/liter)

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12
Q

Kidney: Regulation of blood glucose level

A

like the liver, the kidneys can use the amino acid **glutamine ** in gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of new glucose molecules. It then releases glucose into the blood to help maintain a normal blood glucose level

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13
Q

Kidneys: Regulation of blood pressure

A

by secreting the enzyme Renin , which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.

Note: Increased Renin causes an increase in blood pressure.

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14
Q

Kidneys: Regulation of blood volume

A

by conserving or eliminating water in the urine.

Note: A increase in blood volume increases blood pressure; a decrease in blood volume decreases blood pressure

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15
Q

Kidneys: Regulation of blood pH

A

by excreting a variable amount of Hydrogen Ions (H+) into urine and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which ar the important buffer of H+ in the blood.

Note: both of these activities help regulate blood pH

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16
Q

Kidneys: Regulation of blood Ionic Composition

A

the most important Ions to regulate are Sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions (Ca2+), Chloride ions (Cl-), and phosphate ions (HPO42-)

17
Q

Kidney Functions: Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

A

Waste is excreted as Urine.

Urine is combination of :

  • Amonia and Urea: from deamination of amino acids
  • Bilirubin: from the catabolism of hemoglobin
  • Creatine: from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers
  • Uric Acid: from the catabolism of nucleic acids
18
Q

Paired Kidneys are

A

Retroperitoneal

19
Q

Kidneys are Protected by

A

partialy procted by the 11th and 12th rib with right kidney lower due to liver

20
Q

Kidneys employs filtration as a function. How?

A
  1. Body filters
  2. then it reabsorbs
  3. kidneys responsible for pH
  4. reabsorbs solutes and adjusts blood
  5. Stimulates calcium from GI Tract: Calcitrol and Renin (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone or RAA Pathway)
  6. Glucconeogenesis
21
Q

Kidney: Medulla is broken down into

A

Medullary pyramids

22
Q

What functional unit is through out the Cortex and Medulla of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

23
Q

What are the basic components of the Nephron?

A
  • Corpuscles: Filtration occurs
  • tubules: where reabsorption occurs
24
Q

What are the 2 components of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

25
Q

What is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule?

A

a double walled epithelial cut that surrounds the glomerular capillaries, from which blood plasm is filtered at as it passes through.

Note: (The Strain where blood passes through)

26
Q

(T/F) Both a myogeneic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback are part of renal autoregulation of GFR.

A

True:

  • Myogenic Mechanism : occurs when stretching triggers contractions of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arterioles.
  • Tubulogolmerular Feedback : is so named because part of the renal tubules - Macula Densa (MD) - provides feedback to the glomerulus.
27
Q

What is the Macula Densa (MD)?

A

the MD are a group of cells crowded together in an area of the ascdending Loop of Henle that makes contact with the afferent arteriole.

P. 1075

28
Q

What is the process the tubuloglomerular feedback of the renal autoregulation?

A
  • When GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is above normal due to elevated systemic blood pressure, filtered fluid flows more rapidly along the renal tubules. —->
  • —-> As a result, the proximal convoluted tubule and Loop of Henle have less time to reabsorb Na+, Cl- and water.
  • Macula Densa (MD) cells are thought to detect the increased delivery of Na+, Cl-, and water and to inhibit release of Nitric Oxide (NO) from cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Because NO causes vasodilation, afferent arterioles constrict when the level of NO declines.
  • As a result, less blood flows into the glomerular capillaries, and GFR decreases.
  • When blood pressure falls, causing GFR to be lower than normal, the opposite sequence of events occurs, although to a less degree.

Tubuloglomerular Feedback operates more slowly than the Myogenic Mechanism.

29
Q

(T/F) Most (90-95%) water and solute reabsorption occurs before the fluid reaches the collecting ducts.

A

True

30
Q

(T/F) In urea recycling, water reabsorption is prompted because of a buildup of urea in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.

A

True

  • As Urea accumulates in the interstitial fluid, some of it diffuses into the tubular fluid in the descending and thin ascending limbs of the long loops of Henle, which are also are permeable to urea
  • However, while the fluid flows through the thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule and cortical portion of the collecting duct, urea remains in the lumen because cells in this segment are permeable to it.
  • As fluid flows along the collecting ducts, water reabsorption continues via osmosis because ADH is present
  • This waster reabsorption further increases the concentration of urea in the tubular fluid, more urea diffuses into the interstitial fluid of the inner renal medulla

P. 1092

31
Q

Urge incontinence is most commorn in young and middle aged females while stress incontinence is more common in the elderly.

A

False

Urinary Incontinace : a lack of voluntary control over micturation

  • Urge Incontinence is most common in older people and is characterized by an abrupt and intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine.
  • Stress Incontinence is the most common type of incontince in you and middle aged females, and results from weakness of the deep muscles of the pelvic floor. As a resul, any physical stress that increases abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing etc, causes leakage in urine from the urinary bladder.
32
Q

(T/F) The blood pressure in glomerular capillaries is higher than the blood pressure in systemic capillaries.

A

True: the Principle of Filtration

  1. Glomerular capillaries present a large surface area for filtration because they are long and extensive. The mesangial cells regulate how much of this surface area is available for filtration.
  2. The Filltration membrane is this and porous. Despite having several layers, the thickness of the filtration membrane is only 0.1mm.
  3. Glomerular Capillary BP is high. Because the efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole, resistance to the outflow of blood from the glomerulus is high.

P. 1078

33
Q

(T/F) Filtration through the glomerular capillaries is much greater than that seen elsewhere in the body because the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus is smaller than the efferent arteriole.

A

False:

The afferent arterioles is larger than the efferent arteriole.

P. 1078

34
Q

(T/F) Both the lungs and the liver help to control blood levels of hydrogen ions.

A

False:

  • Liver : The liver is primary site of metabolic recycling, as occurs, for example: the conversionof amino acids into glucose or of glucose into fatty acids. The liver also converts toxic substances into less toxic ones, such as amonia into urea
  • Lungs : With each exhalation, the lungs excrete CO2, and expel heat and a little water vapor.

P. 1100

35
Q

The renal ________ is part of the renal Parenchyma.

A

Cortex

Together, the renal cortex and renal pyramids of the renal medulla constitute the Parenchyma

P. 1069

36
Q

Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries IMMEDIATELY enters the

A

Glomerular Capsule

  • Nephrons: consist of two parts: Renal Corpuscle, where blood plasma is filtered and a Renal Tubule into which the filtered fluid passes.
  • Renal Corpuscle: consist of two components: Glomerulus, Caipillary network, and the Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule, a double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries.

P. 1071

37
Q

What increases GFR?

A

action of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) on meangial cells

P. 1081

38
Q

What does not increase GFR?

A
  • Narrowing of lumen of the afferent arteriole
  • increased release of renin
  • decrease release of nitric oxide by the juxtaglomerular appartus
  • production of angiotensin II

P. 1080-1081

39
Q
A

Biology: A&P II Lecture (3 decks)

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