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CHEMISTRY A LEVEL > CHAPTER 27 - AMINES, AMINO ACIDS, AND POLYMERS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 27 - AMINES, AMINO ACIDS, AND POLYMERS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an amine?

A

An organic compound, derived from ammonia, NH3, in which one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia have been replaced by a carbon chain or ring

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2
Q

What are the two types of amine

A

Aliphatic amine - straight chain

Aromatic amine - Aromatic ring

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3
Q

What are the types of amine classification

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

depending on how many of the Hydrogens have been replaced with carbon chains/rings

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of amines in nature

A

Serotonin - acts as a neurotransmitter, responsible for control of appetite, sleep, memory, learning, temperature regulation, muscle contraction and depression

Pseudoephedrine - active ingredient in medications such as nose drops and cold remedies - shrinks nasal membranes and inhibits nasal secretions

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5
Q

What compounds are mainly responsible for the smell of a decomposing organism - eg. rotten fish

A

Amines and sulfur compounds

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6
Q

How do Amines act as bases

A

Lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen can accept a proton

eg ethylamine + H+ = Ethylammonium ion +

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7
Q

What is added to amines to create a salt?

A

Acids

eg propylamine + HCl = Propylammonium chloride

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8
Q

What does ammonia act as in a substitution reaction with a haloalkane

A

Nucleophile, due to its lone pair of electrons

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9
Q

What are the conditions and reaction to form a primary amine (aliphatic)?

A

Alkane + Ammonia = Salt
Salt + NaOH = Amine + NaCl + Water

Conditions -
Excess ammonia - Reduces further substitution of the amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines

Ethanol solvent - prevents substitution of haloalkane by water to produce alcohols

*still has lone pair which means further substitution can occur

Eg. page 476 textbook

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10
Q

What are the conditions to form and reaction of secondary and tertiary amines (aliphatic)?

A

Secondary
Haloalkane + Propylamine = Salt
Salt + NaOH = Amine + NaCl + Water
Further substitution to form tri-amines
pg 476 in textbook

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11
Q

How are Aromatic Amines prepared?

A

Reduction of benzene

Nitrobenzene heated by reflux w Sn and conc HCl

forms ammonium salt

Salt reacts with excess NaOH to produce Aromatic Amine (+water)

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12
Q

What was the first synthetic dye and what is it based on?

A

Mauvine

Based on Phenylamine

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13
Q

What is an amino acid

A

An organic compound containing both NH3 and COOH functional groups

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14
Q

What is the general formula for an Alpha amino acid

A

RCH(NH2)COOH

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15
Q

What will occur if an amino acid reacts with an acid

A

A Salt will be formed (amine group mostly)

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16
Q

What happens when an amino acid is reacted with an alkali / Alcohol?

A

Alkali: Salt

Alcohol: Ester

(COOH group reacts)

17
Q

How are amino acids esterified?

A

Heating with alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid

Forms NH3+ and Ester

18
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

An amino acid that has accepted a proton from the carboxylic acid and given to the amine

NH3+ and COO-

19
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which the zwitterion is formed

20
Q

What happens when an amino acid is added to a solution with a pH either side of its isoelectric point

A

Lower than IEP - Amino acid acts as a base and gains a proton (NH3+)

Higher than IEP - Amino acid acts as an Acid, Loses a proton (COO-)

21
Q

What is an amide?

A

The product of reactions of acyl chlorides with ammonia and amines

22
Q

Describe the structure of a primary, secondary and tertiary amide

A

Primary C=O-NH2
Secondary C=O NH-CH3
Tertiary C=ON-(CH3)2

Pg 480 for diagram

23
Q

What is stereoisomerism

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms

24
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

A carbon atom that is attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms

25
Q

What are enantiomers

A

Non-superimposable mirror image structures

(eg hands, looking in a mirror)

26
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Joining of monomers and producing water ( or HCl)

27
Q

How are Polyesters formed?

A

Reaction of Alcohols an/or Carboxylic acid group

28
Q

What are Polyamides?

A

Condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by amide linkages in a long chain to forma polymer

29
Q

What can Hydrolyse Polyesters

A

Acids and bases

Base hydrolysis forms 2 salt ends (eg COO-Na+ using NaOH as base)

Acid Hydrolysis gives 2 COOHs using any acid

Page 486 for diagram

30
Q

What can hydrolyse polyamides?

A

Acids and bases

Base hydrolysis forms 2 salt ends (COO-Na+) and 2 NH2 ends using NaOH

Acid Hydrolysis forms 2 COOH ends and 2 NH3+ ends

31
Q

What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation?

A

Addition - double bond is broken, group is added on

Condensation - Groups interact and usually create by-product eg water

32
Q
A

CHEMISTRY A LEVEL (14 decks)

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