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Physical Science > chapter 27 > Flashcards

chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

weathering

A

the process the invloves th physical or chemical of materials on the earths surface

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2
Q

soil

A

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

weathering definition

A

the process that invloves physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface

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5
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no they weather different

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6
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock types

landscape

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7
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

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8
Q

what type of changes happens with mechanical weathering?

A

has physical changes

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9
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

what chemical changes

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10
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

frost wedging
biological activity
collisions

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11
Q

what causes frost wedging?

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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12
Q

what is the cycle called during collisions?

A

“Freeze-Thaw Cycles”

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13
Q

what causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from cliff

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14
Q

soil definition

A

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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15
Q

what is parent material?

A

what soil is made from

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

oxygen and water

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17
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A
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18
Q

what is the chemical process called that is called by water?

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

what are soil horizons?

A

all the different layersof soil

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20
Q

how many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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21
Q

true or false: all soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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22
Q

what are the specific soil horizons?

A

O A E B C R

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23
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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24
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

minerals

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25
Q

what layer does leaching occur?

A

E

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26
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

B

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27
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C

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28
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R

29
Q

which soil horizons makeup the topsoil?

A

O and A

30
Q

which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B

31
Q

On which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

windward

32
Q

which side is deposition occur?

A

leeward

33
Q

what is deflation?

A

the removal of small paticles by eind, leaving heavier particles behind

34
Q

what is desert pavement?

A

when small particles are removed

35
Q

what are 3 landforms that are created due to wave erosion?

A

coastal cliffs, sea stacks, sea arches

36
Q

what are two lamd forms created by wave deposition?

A

sand bars and sand spits

37
Q

infiltration

A

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater above the surface

38
Q

aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

39
Q

water table

A

the upper boundary ofthe saturated zone

40
Q

porosity

A

infiltrationoccurs as water passes through the pore spaces in sediments and rock

41
Q

absolute dating

A

the process of assigning an exact numerical age to organism, and object, or an event.

42
Q

relative dating

A

the process of placing objects or events in theirproper order time

43
Q

uniformitarianism

A

states that law of nature operate today as they have in the past

44
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimetary rock layers the youngest rocks willbe at the topand the oldest rocks will be onthe bottom

45
Q

uncomformities

A

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent

46
Q

fossils

A

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

47
Q

what % of water on Earth is salt water?

A

2

48
Q

what % of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

1

49
Q

where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

glaciers

50
Q

what is the smallest % of saltwater found in?

A

found in lakes rivers and stored in ground as water

51
Q

what is precipitation?

A

when water vapor in the air cools or condenses to form liquid or ice crystals

52
Q

what is runoff?

A

water running off the land surface

53
Q

what is infiltration?

A

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

54
Q

what is transpiration?

A

when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

55
Q

what is evaporation?

A

when water enters the atnosphere as water vapor

56
Q

what is condensation?

A

when water vapor collides with other watver vapor molecules to form other droplets

57
Q

what is the water cycle?

A

precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration, evaporation, condensation

58
Q

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

59
Q

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

beneath the unsaturated zones, where water complete;y fills the pore space

60
Q

what is a water table?

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

61
Q

wat does is it mean if sediment is permearable?

A

the more water easily infiltrate through the ground

62
Q

what is an aquifer?

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

63
Q

what is the name of the great plains aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

64
Q

how many states does the great plains aquifer run through?

A

8

65
Q

what are the names of the sates that the great plains aquifer runs through?

A

South Dakota, Wyomming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas

66
Q

what is an aquitard?

A

an impremiable layer that confines water

67
Q

how are water springs formed?

A

where water table naturally meets earth’s surface

68
Q

what is an artesian well?

A

wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

69
Q

what is a cone of depression?

A

the direction that the water flows down towards the well

Physical Science (16 decks)

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