Chapter 27 Flashcards by Nan Tan

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

a) 10%
b) 50%
c) 1/3
d) 2/3
e) 99%

d) 2/3

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80% of the extracellular fluid is

a) Plasma
b) Cytosol
c) Interstitial fluid
d) Lymph
e) Bile

c) Interstitial fluid

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Which of the following makes up the largest single component of the human body?

a) Skin
b) Water
c) Blood
d) Organs
e) Electrolytes

b) Water

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Which of the following is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration?

a) Anions
b) Cations
c) Metabolic water
d) Lipids
e) Carbohydrates

c) Metabolic water

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Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

a) Dehydration
b) Evaporation
c) Precipitation
d) Insensible loss
e) None of these choices

a) Dehydration

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The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT cause which of the following?

a) Dehydration
b) Formation of angiotensin II
c) Stimulate the kidneys to secrete rennin
d) Formation of ADH
e) Increased vasoconstriction

e) Increased vasoconstriction

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Which of the following is the main factor that determines body fluid volume?

a) Thirst center
b) Fluid balance
c) Urinary salt loss
d) Compartmentalizing
e) None of these choices

c) Urinary salt loss

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Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys?

a) Antidiuretic hormone
b) ANP
c) Aldosterone
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) All of these choices

c) Aldosterone

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Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

a) Antidiuretic hormone
b) ANP
c) Aldosterone
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) All of these choices

a) Antidiuretic hormone

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Natriuresis

a) Is decreased Na+ levels in urine
b) Is decreased Cl- levels in urine
c) Is increased K+ levels in urine
d) Is increased PO- levels in urine
e) None of these choices

e) None of these choices

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A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in

a) Increased GFR
b) Reduced Na+ and Cl- reabsorption by the kidneys
c) Reduced water reabsorption by the kidneys
d) Increased Calcium reabsorption
e) Increased urine output

d) Increased Calcium reabsorption

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The major hormone that regulates water loss is

a) ANP
b) Angiotensin II
c) Renin
d) ADH
e) Angiotensin

d) ADH

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Water intoxication results from

a) Dilute body fluids
b) Decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
c) Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF
d) Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
e) Decrease in water intake

d) Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids

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Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

a) Controlling osmosis between compartments
b) Maintaining acid-base balance
c) Carry electrical currents
d) Serve as cofactors
e) All of these choices

e) All of these choices

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In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

a) Na+

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In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

b) Cl-

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In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

c) K+

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In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

d) HPO42-

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The Na+ level in blood is controlled by

a) Aldosterone
b) Insulin
c) ATP production
d) Krebs cycle
e) Glucagon

a) Aldosterone

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Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases?

a) Chloride shift
b) Potassium shift
c) Sodium shift
d) Bicarbonate shift
e) Protein shift

a) Chloride shift

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

a) Na+
b) Calcium
c) Magnesium
d) Phosphate
e) Iron

b) Calcium

PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are

a) The main regulators of magnesium in the blood
b) The main regulators of phosphate in the blood
c) The main regulators of calcium in the blood
d) The main regulators of NaCl in the blood
e) None of these choices

c) The main regulators of calcium in the blood

Most of the phosphate in a body is present as

a) Lipids
b) Plasma membranes
c) DNA
d) Calcium phosphate salt
e) Carbohydrates

d) Calcium phosphate salt

Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys, are all

a) Ways to balance interstitial fluid
b) Means of balancing blood volume
c) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body
d) Ways to make ions
e) Ways to increase blood volume

c) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body

Metabolic reactions can produce a) H+ b) HCO3- c) Nonvolatile acids d) Volatile bases e) Ca+

c) Nonvolatile acids

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35? a) Isodosis b) Acidosis c) Alkalosis d) Alkalemia e) None of these choices

b) Acidosis

In partial compensation a) pH is brought into the normal range b) systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35 c) systemic arterial blood is higher than 9.5 d) pH is greater than 5.5 e) pH is lower than 2.5

b) systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause a) Blood pH to drop b) Alkalosis c) Respiratory compensation d) Unequal distribution of water e) Metabolic alkalosis

a) Blood pH to drop

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)? a) Metabolic alkalosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory acidosis d) Respiratory alkalosis e) None of these choices

b) Metabolic acidosis

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values? a) Metabolic alkalosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory acidosis d) Respiratory alkalosis e) None of these choices

c) Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis? a) Hemorrhage b) Vomiting c) Pneumothroax d) Diabetes e) Cancer

b) Vomiting

The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult? a) 2 times higher b) 5 times higher c) 7 times higher d) 10 times higher e) They are equal

c) 7 times higher

The breathing rate of an infant a) Is twice as fast as an adult b) Causes greater water loss from the lungs c) Removes less carbon dioxide than in an adult d) Makes the infant blood more acidic e) Is normal to an adult

b) Causes greater water loss from the lungs

Describe the negative feedback loop that stimulates thirst as a result of dehydration.

Dehydration causes 1) decreased flow of saliva, which dries the mouth and pharynx, 2) increased blood osmotic pressure, which stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, and 3) decreased blood volume, which lowers blood pressure, increasing release of renin from JG cells, increasing levels of angiotensin II. All of these stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus, which increases fluid intake via thirst, thus increasing body water.

Normal blood Na+ levels are 136-148 mEq/L. An elderly patient has a blood Na+ of 105 mEq/L. Describe the patient’s condition and the signs and symptoms that usually accompany that condition. Be sure to include the functions of Na+ in the body in your answer.

The patient has hyponatremia, or low Na+ concentration in the blood. The body uses Na+ in the depolarization phase of action potentials and in maintaining osmotic balance. Sometimes elderly people lose the ability to concentrate urine and lose too much Na+. Other causes of hyponatremia include inadequate dietary intake or gastrointestinal upsets such as diarrhea and vomiting. Typical signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include muscular weakness, dizziness, headache, tachycardia, hypotension, confusion, stupor and coma.

Explain how it is possible for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to have a normal extracellular pH while having an elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide causes respiratory acidosis, which is compensated by an increase in plasma levels of bicarbonate ion. Because the patient cannot breathe off the excess carbon dioxide due to structural changes in the respiratory system, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide stays high, but compensated by bicarbonate.

A patient's blood pH is 7.48; partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 32 mm Hg and levels of bicarbonate in the blood are 20 mEq/liter. What can you tell about this patient's condition? Explain your answer.

The patient is in respiratory alkalosis (high pH, low carbon dioxide), which is partially compensated (low bicarbonate).

Describe the fluid and electrolyte disorders to which the elderly are particularly susceptible.

1) Dehydration and hypernatremia due to inadequate fluid intake or loss of more water than sodium in vomit, feces, or urine 2) Hyponatremia due to inadequate intake of sodium, impaired kidney function, or excessive sodium loss 3) Hypokalemia due to excessive laxative use or potassium depleting diuretics 4) Acidosis due to lung or kidney disease

Why is a small amount of table salt included in intravenous or oral rehydration therapy?

Water entering the cells causes them to swell, producing convulsions, coma, and possibly death. To prevent this sequence of event in cases of severe electrolyte and water loss, solutions given for intravenous or oral rehydration therapy include a small amount of table salt.

What part of the brain is considered to be the thirst center? a) Thalamus b) Hypothalamus c) Midbrain d) Brain stem e) Cerebrum

b) Hypothalamus

Most buffer systems in the body consist of a) A weak acid b) A weak base c) A weak acid and the salt of that acid d) A weak base and the salt of that base e) None of these are correct

c) A weak acid and the salt of that acid

Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma? a) Albumin b) Hemoglobin c) Complement d) Fibrin e) Calmodulin

a) Albumin

Which of the following chemicals is considered to be a volatile acid? a) Carbon dioxide b) Oxygen c) Carbonic acid d) Hemoglobin e) Calmodulin

c) Carbonic acid

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids? a) Glomerular podocytes b) Principal cells c) PCT cells d) DCT cells e) Intercalated cells

e) Intercalated cells

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct? a) Bicarbonate ion b) Monohydrogen phosphate ion c) Ammonium ion d) Dihydrogen phosphate ion e) None of these

b) Monohydrogen phosphate ion

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids? a) Buffer systems b) Proteins c) Phosphates d) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate e) All of these correct

e) All of these correct

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis? a) Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction b) Loss of acid due to vomiting c) Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease d) Hypoventilation due to emphysema e) All of these are correct

d) Hypoventilation due to emphysema

Which disorder can result in respiratory alkalosis? a) emphysema b) airway obstruction c) use of certain diuretics d) cerebrovascular accident e) accumulation of acid

d) cerebrovascular accident

Infants experience more problems with acid-base homeostasis and fluid and electrolyte balance based on which of the following: a) Proportion and distribution of water b) Metabolic rate c) Body surface area d) Breathing rate e) All of these are factors

e) All of these are factors