Chapter 26Wellness and Health Promotion Flashcards
Exam 4 (Final)
Cervical Cancer Screening:
What does screening detect?
Cervical cancer screening detects precancerous cells as well as early disease when it can still be managed.
Cervical Cancer Screening:
What is screening associated with?
Cervical cancer screening is associated with the reduction in invasive cancer rates and higher rates of cure.
Cervical Cancer Screening:
How is screening done?
Cervical cancer screening is done primarily with the collection of a small number of cervical cells called the Pap test (Pap smear).
Cervical Cancer Screening:
What is responsible for the majority of cervical cancers?
Two types of HPV are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers.
Cervical Cancer Screening:
What does HPV vaccine do? What does it not do?
HPV vaccination is anticipated to decrease cervical abnormalities, but the vaccine does not protect against all forms of HPV.
Cervical Cancer Screening:
When should people get the HPV vaccine?
Optimally, people should be vaccinated before beginning sexual activity.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Recommendations for screening include:
When should first screening be done?
First screening at the age of 21 regardless of sexual activity.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Recommendations for screening include:
After first screening, when should subsequent screening be done?
Subsequent screening every 3 years until age 30.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Recommendations for screening include:
After age 30, when should females receive a pap test and HPV test?
After the age of 30, females should receive a Pap test and HPV testing every 5 years until the age of 65. Or a Pap test alone every 3 years.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Recommendations for screening include:
When may screening end?
Screening may end at age 65, provided the female is not at increased risk for cervical cancer, has had two negative co-tests or three negative Pap tests, and no history of high-grade abnormalities.
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Personal or family history of breast, ovarian, or peritoneal cancer
Genetic predisposition (BRCA mutation- positive)
Radiation to the chest from ages 10-30
First birth after 30 years old
Never given birth
Dense breasts
History of breast biopsy
Current use of exogenous estrogen
Breast Cancer Routine Screening
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends the following breast cancer screening guidelines for females of average risk:
When should mammograms be done?
Mammograms every 1 to 2 years based on shared decision making (SDM) between the patient and provider between the ages of 40 and 49.
Breast Cancer Routine Screening
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends the following breast cancer screening guidelines for females of average risk:
When should mammograms be done for patients between 50-75?
All females should have a mammogram every 1 to 2 years between the ages of 50 to 75.
Breast Cancer Routine Screening
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends the following breast cancer screening guidelines for females of average risk:
After age 75, how should females have mammograms?
After age 75, females should have mammograms based on SDM.
Breast Cancer Routine Screening
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends the following breast cancer screening guidelines for females of average risk:
Females between 29-39? and 40?
Females should receive a clinical breast exam screen every 1 to 3 years between the age of 29 and 39 and annually after 40.
Breast Cancer Routine Screening
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends the following breast cancer screening
What should females do on their own?
Females should complete breast self-examinations for breast awareness.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
Who may be victims of IPV?
Victims of IPV may be of any gender identity, age, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, or sexual preference.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
Why would people not share that they are victims of IPV?
Victims are often reluctant to disclose IPV for a variety of reasons including shame, desire to protect their partner, or fear.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
What may be a barrier to IPV screening?
Healthcare providers may be uncomfortable with IPV screening, creating a barrier to implementation.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
What may make IPV screening less invasive?
Normalizing question may make it routine and less invasive.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
An example of a normalizing statement is:
“Violence in relationships is really common. We like to screen all of our patients for safety in their relationships so we can offer help as needed.”
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
What is another way to screen patients?
Another way to screen patients is by administering a paper or computer questionnaire.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening
No matter what method of screening is done, what must always occur?
Regardless of method, the partner of the patient must not be present during the screening.
Nutrition: Macronutrients:
What are macronutrients?
Macronutrients are the nutrients the body needs to function properly.
Nutrition: Macronutrients:
What is included in macronutrients?
Macronutrients include fats, carbohydrates, and protein.
Nutrition: Macronutrients:
What percent of daily calories come from carbs, proteins and fat?
Approximately 45% to 65% of daily calories should come from carbohydrates, 20% to 35% from protein, and 20% to 35% from fat.
Nutrition: Macronutrients:
How much added sugars should be in diet?
Added sugars, such as those found in drinks, should be limited to 10% or less of daily calories consumed.
Nutrition: Micronutrients
What are they?
Micronutrients include the vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities to function properly.
Nutrition: Micronutrients
What vitamins can humans create?
With the exception of vitamin D, humans cannot create micronutrients.
Nutrition: Micronutrients
How to reduce the likelihood of a micronutrient deficiency?
With a balanced diet, micronutrient deficiencies are unlikely.
Nutrition Assessments
What is the goal of dietary evaluation?
The goal of dietary evaluation is to identify areas in which a patient needs education or other interventions to improve nutrition.
Nutrition Assessments
What do people often have difficulty with?
Some people have difficulty estimating portion size and tend to underestimate the quantity of food they consume.
Nutrition Assessments
Assessment strategies include:
A 24-hour diet recall interview
A food diary or online food tracker
A formal questionnaire
Physical Activity
What is it?
Physical activity is the contraction of the skeletal muscles that increase the energy expended by the individual above the level of the basal metabolism.
Physical Activity
What is exercise?
Exercise refers specifically to any activity designed to increase or maintain physical fitness.
Physical Activity
What is physical fitness?
Physical fitness refers to cardiovascular endurance as well as strength, endurance, flexibility, speed, etc.
Physical Activity
Current physical activity guidelines recommend what?
Current physical activity guidelines recommend a minimum of 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 1 hour and 15 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.
Physical Activity:
What are the two types/
Moderate Intensity
Vigorous intensity
Physical Activity:
What are the two types: Moderate intensity?
Walking
Tennis
Water aerobics
Physical Activity:
What are the two types: Vigorous intensity?
Jogging
Running
Swimming
Tennis (singles)
Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation
Screening that pertains to sexual behavior, sexual preference, and gender can help with what?
Screening that pertains to sexual behavior, sexual preference, and gender identity can help the nurse identify areas for risk reduction, access to services, and appropriate screening or treatment as needed.
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
What is screening for STIs based on?
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
What diseases?
Chlamydia and gonorrhea:
Syphilis:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
Hepatitis B virus:
Hepatitis C virus:
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Chlamydia and gonorrhea: When is screening done for people under 25?
Annual screening for all sexually active females under 25 years
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Chlamydia and gonorrhea:
When is screening done for patients 25 and older?
Patients 25 or older with new sex partners, more than one sex partner, or a sex partner with known STI
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Chlamydia and gonorrhea:
What other patients is it done for?
Patients who are pregnant
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Syphilis: When are screenings done?
Patients who are pregnant at the first prenatal visit
At least annually for males who have sex with males
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
When are screenings done?
All patients aged 13 to 64
Patients who are pregnant at their first prenatal visit
Annually for males who have sex with males
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Hepatitis B virus: When are screenings done?
All people who are pregnant at their first prenatal visit
All for males who have sex with males
All patients with HIV
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Hepatitis C virus: When are screenings done?
All pregnant with current or past injection drug use, an unregulated tattoo, or long-term hemodialysis.
Past and current drug users
Individuals who test positive for HIV
All adults over age 18
People who are pregnant in high-risk settings
Males who have sex with males (at initial evaluation for HIV)
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Screening for STIs is based on risk in accordance with sexual activity and sex.
Screening guidelines include:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): When are screenings done?
All patients aged 13 to 64
Patients who are pregnant at their first prenatal visit
Annually for males who have sex with males
Individuals who test positive for HIV