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BMS 610 Exam 2 > Chapter 26 RNA Metabolism Part II > Flashcards

Chapter 26 RNA Metabolism Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Poly [A] tails aids in

A

mRNA stability and export to the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Enzyme that aids in the addition of the poly [A] tail

A

Polyadenylate polymerase

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3
Q

Role of polyadenylate polymerase in Poly A tail

A

catalyzes the addition of A residues to the free 3’-OH group by the reaction

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4
Q

How can a gene give rise to multiple prodct?

A

Differential RNA processing

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5
Q

Explain the process if alterative splicing

A

process where a specific exon could or could not be included into the mature mRNA transcript:

different protein isoforms are created

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6
Q

What the percentage of human genes that go through alternative process?

A

> 95%

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7
Q

Pre mRNA contains what for a;; the alternative processing pathways?

A

molecular signals

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8
Q

RNA binding proteins promote what in alternative transcript production

A

promote one particular pathway

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9
Q

Complex transcript can have mutiple…

A

sites where poly(A) tails
Poly A sites

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10
Q

Benefits of alternative splicing and poly A site choices

A

Increases protein diversity made from higher eukaroyte geneomes

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11
Q

In bacteria, a single 30s RNA PRECURSOR [PRE-rRNA] ecncodes for

A

16s
23s
5s rRNAS
and some tRNAS

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12
Q

What do the rRNAs 16S and 23S contain

A

modified nucleotides

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13
Q

make flashcards about rRNA splicing/processing

A

-

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14
Q

how can we tell if its a RNA transcript?

A

Different types of rRNAs present

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15
Q

Why are the rRNAs types important for treatment/therapy?

A

Helps with drug targeting

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16
Q

make a flashcard about numeral ribosomal dif of pro and euk

A

-

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17
Q

In eukaryotes where is the ribosomal rna processing initiated at?

A

nucleolus
a large complex that assembles on the rRNA precursor as it is synthesized

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18
Q

Role of snoRNAs

A

guide modifications of rRNAs in ribosomes

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19
Q

Whats in the nucleosis complex that processing occurs on?

A

Slide 62

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20
Q

Common nucleoside modificatiosn inlcude

A

changing of uridine to pseudouridine

adomet-deopendent nucleoside methylation

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21
Q

snoRNAs size and role

A

60-300 nucleotide RNAs that bind to rRNA to ID the modification site

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22
Q

snoRNA-protein complexs [snoRNPs]

A

complexes of a snoRNA and proteins that carry out nucleoside modifications

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23
Q

Box H/ACA snoRNPS

A

AID IN PSEUDOURIDILYATION

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24
Q

Box C/D snoRNPS

A

aid in the 2’-o-methylation

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25
Q

Most cells have how many distinct tRNAs

A

40-50

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26
Q

Eukaryotic cells have mutiple copies of…

A

copies of the tRNA genes

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27
Q

Where are transfer RNAs are derived from

A

longer rna precursors

by enzymatic removal of nucletoides 5’-3’

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28
Q

T/F All RNAs go through processing

A

True

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29
Q

What enzyme removes RNAse P from RNA at the end?

A

endonuclease

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30
Q

FINISH SLIDE 66

A

-

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31
Q

Role of miRNAs

A

Regulate gene expression by degrading or stopping translation of mRNAs

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32
Q

Structure of miRNAS

A

22 nucleotides long
complemntary in sequence to particular mrna regions

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33
Q

FINISH 68

A

-

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34
Q

Where are some primary transcripts for miRNAs pri-miRNAs

A

encoded in then introns of other genes

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35
Q

What mediates the processing of pri-miRNA

A

endoribonuclease doresha and dicer

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36
Q

When is the target mrnna in mirna cleaved?

A

when the complementarity between mRNA and its target is nearly perfect

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37
Q

What happens if the complemntarity is only partial [in miRNAs]?

A

Complex blocks translation of the target mRNA

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38
Q

mAKE MIRNA PROCRESSING FLASHCARDS

A

SLIDE 70

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39
Q

Cellular mRNAs are degraded at..

A

different rates

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40
Q

the cellular conc. of miRNA depends on

A

the level of gene expression

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41
Q
A
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42
Q
A
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43
Q

How does miRNA decay begins

A

one or several cuts by an endoribonuclease

followed by degradation by an exoribonucleases

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44
Q
A
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45
Q

What degrades miRNA?

A

Exoribonucleases

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46
Q
A
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47
Q

Polynucleotide phosphorylase [PNPase] role?

A

exoribonuslces in charge of mRNAs degradation in bacteria chloroplast and mitochondria

48
Q

PNPase catalyze what

A

reversible phosphororolysis of mRNA using orthopjosphate as the nucleophile

49
Q

What removes hairpins during mRNA degradation?

A

PNPase

50
Q

Exosomes role

A

3’ to 5’ exoribonucleases in eukaryotes in charge of RNA degradation

51
Q

Exosomes locus and size

A

exist in the nucleus cytoplasm and nuclelous

has 10 proteins

52
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

an RNA depedent DNA polymerase

53
Q

Role of Reverse transcriptase

A

changes viral rna into DSdna [seen in retroviruses like HIV]

54
Q

The DNA created by reverse transcriptase is

A

usually integrated into the host genome

55
Q

3 activities of reverse transcriptase

A
  1. synthesize the dna strain
  2. degrade the rna strain
  3. make another dna strain
56
Q

Restroviruses structure

A

3 genes and LTR Sequences

57
Q

Name the 3 genes of retroviruses

A

gag
pol
env

57
Q

Gag RETROVIRUSES GENE ROLE

A
58
Q

pol retroviruss gene role

A
59
Q

env retrovirus gene role

A
60
Q

LTR

A
61
Q

What does reverse transcriptase catalyze

A

RNA dependent DNA synthesis
RNA degradation
DNA dependent DNA synthesis

62
Q

What does DNA synthesis require

A

a primer

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q
A
66
Q

What causes some retroviruses to grow cells abnormally

A

oncogene

66
Q
A
67
Q

Onocgenes are classfied as

A

RNA tumor viruses -> causes cancer

68
Q

Retroverious HIV causes..

A

Aids

69
Q

Explain the virulence of retrovirus HIV

A

kILLS MANY OF THE CELLS IT INFECTS t LMYOPHOCYTES

Supress the host immune syste,

70
Q

The reverse transcriptase of HIV is

A

very error prone

71
Q

In the retrovirus HIV what happens every time the genome is replicated?

A

an 1+ error in every time the genome is replicated

72
Q

What is the azidothymidine [AZT]

A

is a deoxythymidine analog [drug]

73
Q

How does azidothymidine AZT creation

A

concerted to AZT triphosphate inside T lymphocytes

74
Q

Explain AZT bidning affinity

A

AZT Triphopohsate have higher affinity to the HIV transcriptase

75
Q

AZT triphosphate inhibits and terminates what, respectively

A

inhibits dTTP binding
Terminates viral DNA synthesis

76
Q

What has a similar mechanism of action to AZT triphosphate?

A

dideoxyinsoine

77
Q

Retrotransposons

A

eukaryotic DNA transposons with structures similar to ritovirus

78
Q

What’s the similiar between transposons, retroviruses, and introns

A

common evolutionary oriign

79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q

Homing process

A

DNA endonucleases promote intron insertion into a indetincal site ina homologous gene that doesnt have it

82
Q
A
83
Q
A
84
Q

Retrohoming

A

RNA INTRON IS PLACED INTOA DNA GENE FOLLOWED BY A PRODUCTION OF A DNA COPY BY A REVERSE TRANSCRIPOTASE

85
Q

Telemores are an RNP t/f
TRUE

A
86
Q

Telomeres structures

A

end of the linear chromosomes

87
Q

Telomerase

A

RNP that maintains telomere length in eukaryotird

88
Q

T loops in telomeres

A

specialized structure that …

89
Q

RNA Depedent RNA polymerase [RNA repliaase]

A

replicate rna in the host cell

90
Q
A
91
Q

SHARE STRUCTURE HOMOLOGY

A

SLIDE 91

92
Q

What are ribozymes

A

RNA enzymes

93
Q

Examples of ribozymes

A

self splicing group 1 introns
RNAse P
hammerhead ribozyme

94
Q

Ribozytransesterifcaiton
Phosphodiester bond cleavge me activities are based on what

A
95
Q

Inernal guide sequence

A
96
Q
A
97
Q

What are the shared properties between ribzymes and enzymes

A

both speed upr eaction rates
saturbale kinetcs [km kv]
reaction specficity
make use of substrate orientation,covalent catalysis and metla ctaylysis

98
Q

In vivio L-19 IVS is

A

not active (?)

99
Q

L-19 IVS gains catalytic activity
when

A

THE FIRST 19 NUCLETOIDES ARE REMOVED [?}

100
Q

What is the L-19 IVS? What’s it’s role?

A

inervening seuence promotes nucleotidyl transfer reactions

101
Q

E. coli RNase P has what two componets?

A

RNA Component
Protein component

102
Q

RNA component in E.col RNAse P

A
103
Q
A
104
Q

Hammerhead ribozyme cataylyzes what

A

the hydrolysis of an internal phosphodiester bond

105
Q

What is the role of hammerhead ribozyme?

A

cleave RNA or virusoids[small RNAs associated with plant RNA viruses]

106
Q

What type of catalysis does the hammerhead ribozyme use?

A

general acid and base catalysis

107
Q

RNA World Hypothesis

A

proposed an acient RNA world where RNA was a genetic material AND a catlyst

supported by riboxymes

108
Q
A
109
Q
A
110
Q

SELEX Method

A

rapidly searches pools of random rna polymers and extracts those with specific activities

111
Q
A
112
Q

Explain how RNA enzymes can self sustain replicate

A

Two ribozymes can cross catalyse each other information.

113
Q

Key drugs targeting RNA Polymerases

A

Anthramycin D
Rifampin
A-amanitin

BMS 610 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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