Chapter 26: Phylogeny And The Tree Of Life Flashcards
the discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining evolutionary relationships
systematics
The evolutionary history of a species or group
Phylogeny
concerned with naming and classifying species (developed by Linnaeus)
Taxonomy
two-part latinized name
Consists of name of genus and name of species
ex. Homo sapiens
binomial nomenclature
developed binomial system of naming species; grouped species into increasingly general categories
Carolus Linnaeus
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
7 levels of classification
represents hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among groups, with branching patterns that may reflect their Linnaean classification
phylogenetic tree
structures that are similar due to shared ancestry
homologous structures
unrelated species develop similar features because natural selection has led to similar adaptations
convergent evolution
uses DNA and other molecular comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships
molecular systematics
model that classifies organisms based on common descent
cladogram
consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants species
clade
“single tribe”; consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants
monophyletic group
“beside the tribe”; consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
paraphyletic group
“many tribes”; includes taxa with different ancestors
polyphyletic group
an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
shared derived character
a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and regions of genomes evolve at constant rates.
molecular clocks
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
3 domains of life
