Chapter 26 - Phylogeny and the tree of life COPY Flashcards
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of an organism
Systematics
study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Biodiversity
all diversity/variety of life on earth
Taxonomy
science of naming organisms
Taxon
named groups
Classification
assigning organisms to meaningful & hierarchal
phylogenetic tree
branching diagram showing evolutionary history of organisms
The two goals of binomial nomenclature are to
avoid ambiguity and to accurately reflect the organism
Ambiguity
unclear or confusing, or it can be understood in more than one way
Bionomen consists of
the genus and the specific epithet
Specific epithet
“Phylo”
Greek term for tribe, genus, or species
” -geny”
Greek term for generation origin, or production
Evolutionary History
a species or group of related species
Phylogeny is constructed by using
systematics and classifying organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
Avoid Ambiguity
when communicating
Accurately reflect
the organism
two goals of binomial nomenclature
avoiding ambiguity & accurately reflecting on the organism
Human in binomial ( latin) name
Homo sapiens
Legless Glass Lizard binomial name
ophisauraus apodous
Bacteria that contained chipotle’s lettuce
Escherichia Coli
Bacteria that contaminated blue bell’s ice cream
Listeria monocytogenes
Binomial Nomenclature ( Biomen)
a system to put organisms into a certain species
Who created the binomial nomenclature?
Carlos Linnaeus
Genus
always capitalized!
Species
always lowercase!
when typing genus you
Italicized
when writing species you
underline
when Carlous named and grouped off species he also put them into
Hierarchy ( categories)
Branching diagram
represents a hypothesis
evolutionary history
a history or groups of organisms
Phylogenetic trees simply rely on
systematics
evolutionary relationships
many types of phylogenetic trees given the same information
Do Linnean Classification and phylogenies always agree? True or False
False
why don’t phylogenies and classification always agree?
Because some systematics have placed a species within a genus ( or other group) to which it is NOT closely related.
Linnean Classification
every organism placed in a taxon ( group)
systematics
every organism placed into a “ clade”
Example of why Linnean classification and phylogenies don’t always agree?
Birds and reptiles
example: birds and reptiles ; according to systematics
birds are considered a subgroup of reptilia
” homo”
same
” -logy”
study of
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to
shared ancestry
Analogy
Phenotypic and genetic similarities without shared ancestry due to convergent evolution.
convergent evolution
Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce analogous
We need to use ______ to not _______
homologous structures ; analogous structure
Homologous structure are due to
common ancestry
Cladistics
is a systematic approach using common ancestry
Clades
similar to categories in the Linnaean system ( are nested within larger clades)
cladistics are used to generate
cladograms
