Chapter 26 - Phylogeny and the tree of life Flashcards
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of an organism
Systematics
study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Biodiversity
all diversity/variety of life on earth
Taxonomy
science of naming organisms
Taxon
named groups
Classification
assigning organisms to meaningful & hierarchal
phylogenetic tree
branching diagram showing evolutionary history of organisms
The two goals of binomial nomenclature are to
avoid ambiguity and to accurately reflect the organism
Ambiguity
unclear or confusing, or it can be understood in more than one way
Bionomen consists of
the genus and the specific epithet
Specific epithet
Always lowercase
“Phylo”
Greek term for tribe, genus, or species
” -geny”
Greek term for generation origin, or production
Evolutionary History
a species or group of related species
Phylogeny is constructed by using
systematics and classifying organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
Avoid Ambiguity
when communicating
Accurately reflect
the organism
two goals of binomial nomenclature
avoiding ambiguity & accurately reflecting on the organism
Human in binomial ( latin) name
Homo sapiens
Legless Glass Lizard binomial name
ophisauraus apodous
Bacteria that contained chipotle’s lettuce
Escherichia Coli
Bacteria that contaminated blue bell’s ice cream
Listeria monocytogenes
Binomial Nomenclature ( Biomen)
a system to put organisms into a certain species
Who created the binomial nomenclature?
Carlos Linnaeus
Genus
always capitalized!
Species
always lowercase!
when typing genus you
Italicized
when writing species you
underline
when Carlous named and grouped off species he also put them into
Hierarchy ( categories)
Branching diagram
represents a hypothesis
evolutionary history
a history or groups of organisms
Phylogenetic trees simply rely on
systematics
evolutionary relationships
many types of phylogenetic trees given the same information
Do Linnean Classification and phylogenies always agree? True or False
False
why don’t phylogenies and classification always agree?
Because some systematics have placed a species within a genus ( or other group) to which it is NOT closely related.
Linnean Classification
every organism placed in a taxon ( group)
systematics
every organism placed into a “ clade”
Example of why Linnean classification and phylogenies don’t always agree?
Birds and reptiles
example: birds and reptiles ; according to systematics
birds are considered a subgroup of reptilia
” homo”
same
” -logy”
study of
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to
shared ancestry
Analogy
Phenotypic and genetic similarities without shared ancestry due to convergent evolution.
convergent evolution
Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce analogous
We need to use ______ to not _______
homologous structures ; analogous structure
Homologous structure are due to
common ancestry
Cladistics
is a systematic approach using common ancestry
Clades
similar to categories in the Linnaean system ( are nested within larger clades)
cladistics are used to generate
cladograms
Branching diagram
Represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary group of an organism
Phylogenetic trees relies on
Systematics
What does phylogenetic trees tell you?
The evolutionary relationships
What does all phylogenetic trees have?
Branching points
Homolgy
Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
What does “homo” mean
Same
What does “logy” mean
The study of
Analogues structure
Due to environmental pressure and not due to common ancestry
A monophyletic group
Consists of ancestral species and all of its descendants
Paraphyletic group
Consists of some ancestral species and some of its descendants
Polyphyletic group
Includes distinctly related species but does not include the common ancestor
Shared ancestral group
A character that originated in an ancestor
Shared Derived characters
An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade
Apomorphy
A derived characteristic. A trait or character that is unique to a group of species
Plesiomorphy
An ancestral characteristic trait that is found in the common ancestor and passed to some if not all groups
Synapomorphy
Shared and derived characteristic
Symplesiomorphy
Shared and ancestral characteristic
Homoplasy
An analogous trait or character
Genomes
Analysis of molecular data can help us identify relationships that aren’t obvious
Using rRNA as a tool compare DNA sequences that diverged
Hundreds of million years ago
Ortho in orthologous means
Exact
Homology is a result of
Speciation effect
Why is homology a result of speciation effect?
Because it helps find genes in different species
Gene Families
Groups of related genes within a organism’s genome
Paralogous genes
Homology results from gene duplication
What does para mean in Paralogous
Parallel
The goal of evolutionary biology is?
To understand evolutionary relationships
Molecular clocks
Method for estimating time required for a change in evolution
Horotely
Normal rate of evolution
Tachytely
Fast rate of evolution
Bradytely
Slow rate of evolution
The three domains in life
Archea, eukarya, and bacteria
True or false: Do prokaryotes differ from each other like eukaryotes
Yes! This is true! Why???
