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Biology 1030 - Organismal Biology > Chapter 26 - Phylogeny and the tree of life > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Phylogeny and the tree of life Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of an organism

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2
Q

Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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3
Q

Biodiversity

A

all diversity/variety of life on earth

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

science of naming organisms

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5
Q

Taxon

A

named groups

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6
Q

Classification

A

assigning organisms to meaningful & hierarchal

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7
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

branching diagram showing evolutionary history of organisms

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8
Q

The two goals of binomial nomenclature are to

A

avoid ambiguity and to accurately reflect the organism

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9
Q

Ambiguity

A

unclear or confusing, or it can be understood in more than one way

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10
Q

Bionomen consists of

A

the genus and the specific epithet

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11
Q

Specific epithet

A

Always lowercase

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12
Q

“Phylo”

A

Greek term for tribe, genus, or species

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13
Q

” -geny”

A

Greek term for generation origin, or production

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14
Q

Evolutionary History

A

a species or group of related species

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15
Q

Phylogeny is constructed by using

A

systematics and classifying organisms to determine evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

Avoid Ambiguity

A

when communicating

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17
Q

Accurately reflect

A

the organism

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18
Q

two goals of binomial nomenclature

A

avoiding ambiguity & accurately reflecting on the organism

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19
Q

Human in binomial ( latin) name

A

Homo sapiens

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20
Q

Legless Glass Lizard binomial name

A

ophisauraus apodous

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21
Q

Bacteria that contained chipotle’s lettuce

A

Escherichia Coli

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22
Q

Bacteria that contaminated blue bell’s ice cream

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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23
Q

Binomial Nomenclature ( Biomen)

A

a system to put organisms into a certain species

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24
Q

Who created the binomial nomenclature?

A

Carlos Linnaeus

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25
Q

Genus

A

always capitalized!

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26
Q

Species

A

always lowercase!

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27
Q

when typing genus you

A

Italicized

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28
Q

when writing species you

A

underline

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29
Q

when Carlous named and grouped off species he also put them into

A

Hierarchy ( categories)

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30
Q

Branching diagram

A

represents a hypothesis

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31
Q

evolutionary history

A

a history or groups of organisms

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32
Q

Phylogenetic trees simply rely on

A

systematics

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33
Q

evolutionary relationships

A

many types of phylogenetic trees given the same information

34
Q

Do Linnean Classification and phylogenies always agree? True or False

A

False

35
Q

why don’t phylogenies and classification always agree?

A

Because some systematics have placed a species within a genus ( or other group) to which it is NOT closely related.

36
Q

Linnean Classification

A

every organism placed in a taxon ( group)

37
Q

systematics

A

every organism placed into a “ clade”

38
Q

Example of why Linnean classification and phylogenies don’t always agree?

A

Birds and reptiles

39
Q

example: birds and reptiles ; according to systematics

A

birds are considered a subgroup of reptilia

40
Q

” homo”

A

same

41
Q

” -logy”

A

study of

42
Q

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to

A

shared ancestry

43
Q

Analogy

A

Phenotypic and genetic similarities without shared ancestry due to convergent evolution.

44
Q

convergent evolution

A

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce analogous

45
Q

We need to use ______ to not _______

A

homologous structures ; analogous structure

46
Q

Homologous structure are due to

A

common ancestry

47
Q

Cladistics

A

is a systematic approach using common ancestry

48
Q

Clades

A

similar to categories in the Linnaean system ( are nested within larger clades)

49
Q

cladistics are used to generate

A

cladograms

50
Q

Branching diagram

A

Represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary group of an organism

51
Q

Phylogenetic trees relies on

A

Systematics

52
Q

What does phylogenetic trees tell you?

A

The evolutionary relationships

53
Q

What does all phylogenetic trees have?

A

Branching points

54
Q

Homolgy

A

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

55
Q

What does “homo” mean

A

Same

56
Q

What does “logy” mean

A

The study of

57
Q

Analogues structure

A

Due to environmental pressure and not due to common ancestry

58
Q

A monophyletic group

A

Consists of ancestral species and all of its descendants

59
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Consists of some ancestral species and some of its descendants

60
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Includes distinctly related species but does not include the common ancestor

61
Q

Shared ancestral group

A

A character that originated in an ancestor

62
Q

Shared Derived characters

A

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

63
Q

Apomorphy

A

A derived characteristic. A trait or character that is unique to a group of species

64
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

An ancestral characteristic trait that is found in the common ancestor and passed to some if not all groups

65
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared and derived characteristic

66
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

Shared and ancestral characteristic

67
Q

Homoplasy

A

An analogous trait or character

68
Q

Genomes

A

Analysis of molecular data can help us identify relationships that aren’t obvious

69
Q

Using rRNA as a tool compare DNA sequences that diverged

A

Hundreds of million years ago

70
Q

Ortho in orthologous means

A

Exact

71
Q

Homology is a result of

A

Speciation effect

72
Q

Why is homology a result of speciation effect?

A

Because it helps find genes in different species

73
Q

Gene Families

A

Groups of related genes within a organism’s genome

74
Q

Paralogous genes

A

Homology results from gene duplication

75
Q

What does para mean in Paralogous

A

Parallel

76
Q

The goal of evolutionary biology is?

A

To understand evolutionary relationships

77
Q

Molecular clocks

A

Method for estimating time required for a change in evolution

78
Q

Horotely

A

Normal rate of evolution

79
Q

Tachytely

A

Fast rate of evolution

80
Q

Bradytely

A

Slow rate of evolution

81
Q

The three domains in life

A

Archea, eukarya, and bacteria

82
Q

True or false: Do prokaryotes differ from each other like eukaryotes

A

Yes! This is true! Why???

Biology 1030 - Organismal Biology (2 decks)

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