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Biology 1030 - Organismal Biology > Chapter 26 - Phylogeny and the tree of life > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Phylogeny and the tree of life Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of an organism

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2
Q

Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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3
Q

Biodiversity

A

all diversity/variety of life on earth

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

science of naming organisms

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5
Q

Taxon

A

named groups

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6
Q

Classification

A

assigning organisms to meaningful & hierarchal

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7
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

branching diagram showing evolutionary history of organisms

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8
Q

The two goals of binomial nomenclature are to

A

avoid ambiguity and to accurately reflect the organism

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9
Q

Ambiguity

A

unclear or confusing, or it can be understood in more than one way

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10
Q

Bionomen consists of

A

the genus and the specific epithet

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11
Q

Specific epithet

A

Always lowercase

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12
Q

“Phylo”

A

Greek term for tribe, genus, or species

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13
Q

” -geny”

A

Greek term for generation origin, or production

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14
Q

Evolutionary History

A

a species or group of related species

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15
Q

Phylogeny is constructed by using

A

systematics and classifying organisms to determine evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

Avoid Ambiguity

A

when communicating

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17
Q

Accurately reflect

A

the organism

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18
Q

two goals of binomial nomenclature

A

avoiding ambiguity & accurately reflecting on the organism

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19
Q

Human in binomial ( latin) name

A

Homo sapiens

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20
Q

Legless Glass Lizard binomial name

A

ophisauraus apodous

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21
Q

Bacteria that contained chipotle’s lettuce

A

Escherichia Coli

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22
Q

Bacteria that contaminated blue bell’s ice cream

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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23
Q

Binomial Nomenclature ( Biomen)

A

a system to put organisms into a certain species

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24
Q

Who created the binomial nomenclature?

A

Carlos Linnaeus

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25
Genus
always capitalized!
26
Species
always lowercase!
27
when typing genus you
Italicized
28
when writing species you
underline
29
when Carlous named and grouped off species he also put them into
Hierarchy ( categories)
30
Branching diagram
represents a hypothesis
31
evolutionary history
a history or groups of organisms
32
Phylogenetic trees simply rely on
systematics
33
evolutionary relationships
many types of phylogenetic trees given the same information
34
Do Linnean Classification and phylogenies always agree? True or False
False
35
why don't phylogenies and classification always agree?
Because some systematics have placed a species within a genus ( or other group) to which it is NOT closely related.
36
Linnean Classification
every organism placed in a taxon ( group)
37
systematics
every organism placed into a " clade"
38
Example of why Linnean classification and phylogenies don't always agree?
Birds and reptiles
39
example: birds and reptiles ; according to systematics
birds are considered a subgroup of reptilia
40
" homo"
same
41
" -logy"
study of
42
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to
shared ancestry
43
Analogy
Phenotypic and genetic similarities without shared ancestry due to convergent evolution.
44
convergent evolution
Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce analogous
45
We need to use ______ to not _______
homologous structures ; analogous structure
46
Homologous structure are due to
common ancestry
47
Cladistics
is a systematic approach using common ancestry
48
Clades
similar to categories in the Linnaean system ( are nested within larger clades)
49
cladistics are used to generate
cladograms
50
Branching diagram
Represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary group of an organism
51
Phylogenetic trees relies on
Systematics
52
What does phylogenetic trees tell you?
The evolutionary relationships
53
What does all phylogenetic trees have?
Branching points
54
Homolgy
Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
55
What does “homo” mean
Same
56
What does “logy” mean
The study of
57
Analogues structure
Due to environmental pressure and not due to common ancestry
58
A monophyletic group
Consists of ancestral species and all of its descendants
59
Paraphyletic group
Consists of some ancestral species and some of its descendants
60
Polyphyletic group
Includes distinctly related species but does not include the common ancestor
61
Shared ancestral group
A character that originated in an ancestor
62
Shared Derived characters
An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade
63
Apomorphy
A derived characteristic. A trait or character that is unique to a group of species
64
Plesiomorphy
An ancestral characteristic trait that is found in the common ancestor and passed to some if not all groups
65
Synapomorphy
Shared and derived characteristic
66
Symplesiomorphy
Shared and ancestral characteristic
67
Homoplasy
An analogous trait or character
68
Genomes
Analysis of molecular data can help us identify relationships that aren’t obvious
69
Using rRNA as a tool compare DNA sequences that diverged
Hundreds of million years ago
70
Ortho in orthologous means
Exact
71
Homology is a result of
Speciation effect
72
Why is homology a result of speciation effect?
Because it helps find genes in different species
73
Gene Families
Groups of related genes within a organism’s genome
74
Paralogous genes
Homology results from gene duplication
75
What does para mean in Paralogous
Parallel
76
The goal of evolutionary biology is?
To understand evolutionary relationships
77
Molecular clocks
Method for estimating time required for a change in evolution
78
Horotely
Normal rate of evolution
79
Tachytely
Fast rate of evolution
80
Bradytely
Slow rate of evolution
81
The three domains in life
Archea, eukarya, and bacteria
82
True or false: Do prokaryotes differ from each other like eukaryotes
Yes! This is true! Why???

Biology 1030 - Organismal Biology (2 decks)

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