Chapter 26 Flashcards
Bismarck’s goal for Germany
Maintain it as it was
Significance of new German Empire in Europe
Britain and Germany = rival, Russia – threat, Austria – left out of affairs, nationalistic turmoil, France – list Alsis and Lorraine, US – not affected
Facts about the Russo – Turkish War of 1877
Slaviks wanted independence, Russia stepped in for land, Treaty of Stanstefano – Slavs free, created alarm because Russia = threat (Austria and Britain), Congress of Berlin
Facts and results of the Congress of Berlin
Bismarck = honest broker, review Stanstefano, Bosnia-Herzegovina (Austria), Russia lost Bulgaria
Three Emperor’s League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordial, Triple Entente
TEL – Germany, Austria, Russia TA – Austria, Germany, Italy DA – Austria, Germany EC – France, Britain TE – France, Britain, Russia
Facts about Kaiser William II and his political goals
Wearable other superpowers (Brian), grandson Queen Victoria
The “Powder Keg of Europe”
Balkan Peninsula
Factors that led to World War I
Young Turks, Balkan wars, Archduke assassinated, alliance systems
Impact of Second Moroccan Crisis
Driving wedge between Entente Cordial, backfired
Facts and significance about the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Started World War I, Gavrilo Princip, the Black Hand
Responses from my Dual alliance and Triple Entente following the assassination of Francis Ferdinand
Germany – blank check to Austria, triple Entente – Russia; mobilized against Austria,
Russia given blank check,
England = neutral
First country to mobilize against Russia
Austria
The Schlieffen Plan
1905; avoid two front war, go to Western front, faulty, Alfred vin Schlieffen
Reasons Germany was blamed for the war
Kaiser Wilhelm ambition, German aggression, blank check, invasion of Belgium
Potential numbers of trained/equipped soldiers available for countries in the war
Germany had most soldiers
Facts/characteristic/battles of the Western Front
Bottle of the Marne, Battle of the Sonne, Battle of Verdun “they shall not pass”, trench warfare, deadlock, weapons = deadly, Wilfred Owen – Sweet and fitting it is, poem – not Gallipoli battle
Weapons used during World War I
Tanks, airplanes, gas, machine guns, artillery, bombardment, submarines
New entries into the war starting in 1915 and the sides she joined
Ottoman Empire + Bulgaria = central
Italy + Japan + Romania = allies
Col. TE Lawrence and his role during World War I
Lawrence of Arabia, Ottoman Empire, stir Arabic unrest
Facts about the Battle of Gallipoli
1915–1916; Winston Churchill, Britain + Austria + New Zealand, Darnell St., Allies lose
Reasons for US entry into World War I
Seeking a Lusitania, Zimmerman note, Russian Revolution
Woodrow Wilson’s view of World War I
Make world safe for democracy
Causes of the March Revolution in Russia
1917; unrest because hunger/strikes, Tsar Nicholas = unable – inept
Significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs
Influenced Tsarina Alexandria, create political problems while Tsar was away
Facts about the Bolsheviks
“Majority”, best organized/skillfully led, “peace, bread, and land”, Socialist government, 1917 – November Revolution = success, overthrow Dumas
Description and significance of Soviets
Council of discontent workers/peasants, administer affairs, building blocks of communism
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Pulls Russia out of war and makes concessions with Germany, culmination of German success (zennith), lost land in Baltics/Eastern Europe
Last German offensive
Second Battle of the Marne, Americans aid allies, Germany stands alone
Casualties of World War I
10 million dead, 20 million wounded, 5 million = allies, four million = Central, 1 million = civilians
Effects of the War
German resentment towards Deutsches-Reich, empires created and destroyed, debt, Europe creditors, US = superpower, communism, Facism, World War II
Fax about the Greco – Turkish War
1919–22; Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) - “Father of the Turks”, Greeks defeated, Turkey created
The “Big Four”
Woodrow Wilson (USA), David L George (Britain), George Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Obstacles to peace faced by the big four
Publicity, Woodrow Wilson (impractical), nationalism, the victors (Japan + power), Bolshevism
Facts about the League of Nations
Britain + France + Italy + Japan + USA – respect + preserve territorial concessions, no military backing, all five had to agree
Key concepts/parts of Wilson’s 14 Points
Self-determination, open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, disarmament, League of Nations
Criticisms regarding the terms of the Paris Peace Settlement /Treaty of Varsailles
England + US – unfair, John Maynard Keynes – Economic Consequences of the Peace, France didn’t have support
