Chapter 22 Flashcards
Uniqueness of Crimean War
First war with media correspondents
Causes of the Crimean War
Russia’s goals/ambitions in Black Sea, Ottoman Empire gave protection of Palastine to Roman Catholics, invades Moldavia and Walachia
Nations involved in Crimean War
Ottoman Empire, Britain, France Vs. Russia
Florence Nightingale
“Lady with the lamp”, founder of modern nursing, clean/procedures to improve conditions
Effects of the Crimean War
No more Russian invincibility, discredited Concert of Europe
Reforms of the Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat = era of reform, weak, Western ideologies, defined rights of non-Muslims
Nationalist leaders of Italy and their significance
Giuseppe Mazzini – “the heart or the soul”, Garibaldi – “the sword”, Carbonari – secret republican society
Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels
Machiavellian
Political ideology and form of government favored by Covour
Constitutional monarchy, enlightenment, free enterprise
Circumstances leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian catenation
Austro – Prussian war (1866–67)
Role of Sardinia – Piedmont in Italian Unification
“The magnet”, liberal, progressive, stable
Cavour’s keys to the unification of Italy
Implement nationalism, get help from France, prove they could be a nation
Facts/significance/role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification
Expedition of the Thousand– 1860; unified Italian kingdom, nationalism one over republicanism, Naples + Sicily + northern half
The birth of Italy as a nation (date)
1860
Most important political development between 1848–1914
German Unification
Facts about Otto von Bismarck
“Old blood and iron”, “iron chancellor”, war + industry, Realpolitik (action), Machiavellian, conservative, nationalism, Kleindeutsch
Two strongest and rivals states of the German Confederation
Austria + Prussia
Evidence that Bismarck was a pragmatist
Blood + iron; industry + war
Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism
And deadlock and Parliament, liberals vs. conservatives; outwit liberals
Causes of the Danish War of 1864
Schleswig and Holstein
Effects of the Seven Weeks’ War
Austro – Prussian; Prussia and Kleineutsch
Houses of the North German Confederation government
Bundesrat – Federal branch, Reichstag – those chosen to vote, burnt down
The Bad-Ems Telegram
Wilhelm to Bismarck, French declare war on Prussia, Bismarck distorted it – unify southern states
Facts about the Franco – Prussian War
1870–71; culminated process of German unification, Napoleon captured and exiled
French rulers since 1789
Louis XVI, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III
Facts about the Paris Commune
Municipal government, tried to make Paris independent, Paris = prototype, May 21–28, 1871; the Bloody Weeks
Impact of emergence of German Empire
Treaty of Frankfurt, France lost territory (Alsis + Loraine), pay a lot for war, 2nd Reich, Germany = superpower, France and Austria = weak, Germany rivals Britain
Facts about the Dreyfus Affair
December 22, 1896; Alfred Dreyfus wrongly accused, public debate – 1896, Emile Zola “I Accuse”, retrial – 1898, found guilty but pardoned, highlighted division
Facts about the 19th century Hapsburg Empire
Dynastic, stayed absolute, agrarian
The Ausgleich of 1867
“Compromise”, Austria and Hungary,
create a dual monarchy,
Francis Joseph = king of Austria and Hungary,
Austro – Hungarian Empire
Czech Trialisim and opposition to it
Wanted three kingdoms, Hungarian said no, created nationalistic unrest
Reforms of Alexander II
Judicial – quality before law, Western-style
Military – 25 to 6 years (Nine reserve), discipline lessened, open to more
Administrative – Zemstvos and Village Commue
Social – serfs emancipated
Problems with serfdom in Russia
Economically insufficient, immoral, social revolts, large but ineffective military
Impacts the emancipation had an Russian serfs
Landless, jobless, no education, redemption payments
Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to World War I
Satellite state
Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II
Populism; The People’s Will and Land and Freedom
Significance of William Gladstone’s ministry
Education act; duty of government, not religious (1870) – economic, administrative, educational reforms
Facts about Benjamin Disraeli
Public Health Act and Artisian Housing At (1875)
Ireland’s movement for Home Rule
Stewart Parnell, “The Irish Question”, Bladstone = champion of home will, not calling for independence – own decisions
Home Rule Bill of 1912 – failed b/c of World War I
Agreement of 1850 between Cavour and Napoleon III
Pack of Plombiéres - provoke war with Austria to try them out
